these dogs are really heterozyous or potentially even homozygous piebalds. All the other dogs are recessive reds (ee) or clear sables with phaeomelanin dilution. Sometimes white can occur on dogs separately to the S locus white spotting. S - no or very minor white actual white spotting as well - note the irregular pattern on the chest and the thin blaze on the muzzle. The recessive e/egenotype at MC1R research paper on the white-phased âKermodblack bear4 was published in the September 18, 2001 (Volume 11, Issue 18) issue of Current Biology. "Panda" Shepherds of their tan points to white, most likely to due the Northern domino (Ed) gene. Irish Spotting Pattern However, All Samoyed, American Eskimo Dogs, and West Highland White Terriers are white. One example is as part of the double merle pattern. They also test as homozygous for recessive black, but it seems the recessive red overrides this. However, no evidence has yet been found for the existence of sw, on the S locus at least. We can assume that the two dogs above are SS and that their markings are just residual white. Both the Poodle (as shown here) and the Shar Pei, traditionally solid-coloured breeds, occasionally produce piebald (known as "flowered" in Shar Pei). No mutations in this gene have been found in dogs, however in horses EDNRB causes "lethal whites" (overo lethal white syndrome), where homozygous foals do not have a fully functioning digestive system and die soon after birth. If either of these dogs did have an sp or si gene One example is as part of the double merle pattern. Links to studies: The Large Munsterlander to the right shows heavy ticking on a piebald dog. In dogs, KIT mutations have so far been confirmed in "panda" German Shepherds and in Weimaraners, but are not thought to be widespread. It could be a fawn dog with a white blaze and black skin showing around its muzzle, but actually no black hair. Apparently, the phaeomelanin (yellow/red) hair follicle pigmenting processes in these dogs are strongly regulated to form cream colors, or are not "switched on" at all to form white coats. Some panda Shepherds have blue eyes, however this is not linked to the KIT gene. The cause is unknown, however it's interesting to note that many "panda" German Shepherds (see below), which are known to have a different white mutation to most other breeds, have split faces in a similar pattern, so it's possible that split/white faces could be caused by the same or a similar gene. Pseudo-Irish For further genetics resources, see the Links page. The gene causing the majority of white markings in dogs is known as MITF (Microphtalmia-Associated Transcription Factor). carrier of the piebald allele). This means that two irish spotted dogs bred together will produce puppies with irish spotting, and the white will not increase. See the Merle page for more information. Split Faces and White Heads ** Please note that I am not a research scientist, and the information on this page comes from my own knowledge and observation of dogs, observational and testing data provided via e-mail by site visitors, any research papers linked on the page, and the information provided by Dr Sheila M. Schmutz on her excellent website http://homepage.usask.ca/~schmutz/dogcolors.html The breeder of Hektor and Luchs was Herr Friedrich Sparwasser of Frankfort. "False" Whites A dog with extreme white spotting is likely to be missing some pigment in these areas, so type of dilution, so they appear completely white but in fact it's not due to white spotting. These two Dachshunds look just like piebalds, but they're actually double merles and most likely don't have any S-locus white markings at all. Here's the quick version! First photo provided by Tina West, second by Dee Allison In other species, some white markings are also caused by the KIT gene. Note the slight cream sheen on the coat S - no or very minor white In dogs, KIT mutations have so far been confirmed in "panda" German Shepherds and in Weimaraners, but are not thought to be widespread. It has been shown that some dogs with white spotting do not have an sp allele at all. They are recessive red (so they cannot . One of these dogs is not like the others . the Sheltie). One example is as part of the double merle pattern. However, no evidence has yet been found for the existence of sw, on the S locus at least. This has been shown to occur in Shelties, where dogs carrying the sp allele as well as irish spotting can usually be identified by having more Of course this means that technically, white doesn't spread at all - it's actually the colour that spreads. So far all extreme white dogs that have undergone genetic testing have been shown to be homozygous for the piebald gene (spsp), just like the piebalds are completely or almost completely white. Interestingly, mutations in MITF have no link to skin colour in humans but do cause eye and sight issues. The S locus in dogs has two known alleles: S (no white markings), and sp (piebald). you won't get a solid coloured puppy that gradually loses colour as it grows, until it's almost white! From there it spreads to cover the muzzle and forehead, the front of the chest, the lower legs and more of the tailtip, creating the puppies may be solid, piebald or inbetween. Harlequin in Great Danes is another example of an embryonic lethal in dogs, although caused by a different gene to panda. Due to incomplete dominance, one copy of the piebald allele results in a dog with minor white markings (often called the "trim" pattern), and two copies causes piebald or extreme white. No time to read the whole thing? The Husky has a long time. of the German Spitz, Samoyed and Shiba, and the jet black lip and eye rim pigment on all of them. MITF and White Spotting in Dogs: A Population Study: http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/100/suppl_1/S66.full A number of human diseases are also associated with EDNRB. Exclusion of EDNRB and KIT as the basis for white spotting in Border Collies: http://genomebiology.com/content/1/2/RESEARCH0004 One example is as part of the double merle pattern. Sometimes white can occur on dogs separately to the S locus white spotting. be inherited completely separately. the Sheltie). Small body can also be associated with a number of different cancers. This is because neither breed comes in piebald or irish spotting. It can be easy to mistake diluted points on a domino or black-and-tan dog for white markings, but points will generally be in a very regular and symmetrical pattern. are completely or almost completely white. As it is, their white is non-genetic and breeding two dogs with white markings in these breeds will not necessarily produce puppies with any white at all. White starts on the farthest "edges" of the dog - the tail tip, The Shiba has a dudley nose, often associated with recessive red. In a breed It is likely that the sp allele here is affected by a modifier that extends the white markings, as white boxers are always extreme white instead of normal piebald pattern. The combination of si alleles and sp alleles is thought to cause most of the range of white markings found in dogs. Sometimes white can occur on dogs separately to the S locus white spotting. The Large Munsterlander to the right shows heavy ticking on a piebald dog. The cause is unknown, however it's interesting to note that many "panda" German Shepherds (see below), which are known to have a different white mutation to most other breeds, have split faces in a similar pattern, so it's possible that split/white faces could be caused by the same or a similar gene. Quick Summary! Sometimes it simply doesn't reach the furthest extremities (this can be caused by a minor problem or illness during development), and this can result in a small amount of white trim Believe it or not, the Australian Cattle Dog above is an extreme white piebald. legs is very uneven, or they have piebald patches in unexpected places, like on the neck or chest. Exclusion of EDNRB and KIT as the basis for white spotting in Border Collies: http://genomebiology.com/content/1/2/RESEARCH0004 The pattern produced by double merle is strikingly similar to a homozygous piebald, although it can sometimes be less regular and extreme split faces going all the way down the muzzle are very common (as on the second dog). carry those alleles. A de novo mutation in KIT causes white spotting in a subpopulation of German Shepherd dogs: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23134432 be inherited completely separately. The pattern produced by double merle is strikingly similar to a homozygous piebald, although it can sometimes be less regular and extreme split faces going all the way down the muzzle are very common (as on the second dog). The term "irish spotting" actually comes from a term used in the early 20th century to describe a white pattern found in rats in Ireland. White Boxers see the Nose Colours page). Any white areas on a dog, no matter how big or small, may be ticked or roaned due to the T gene. For example, a black dog with tan points will have black/grey ticking where it would have been black, and red/tan ticking where the points would have been. A split face is when half of the face is white and the other half is coloured. of the German Spitz, Samoyed and Shiba, and the jet black lip and eye rim pigment on all of them. In a breed Piebald carriers are often referred to as "white-factored" and are generally identified by having white extending further up the hind legs (onto the knees). Winge (1950) stated that he believed that there are 2 alleles at the locus for white mottling: T for totally colored or nearly so and t for mottled. of their tan points to white, most likely to due the Northern domino (Ed) gene. or indicate the presence of the piebald gene without genetic testing or test breeding, as piebald heterozygotes may have anything from a tiny chest spot to pseudo-irish markings (see below). but which is it? No time to read the whole thing? Most mutations in KIT causing white markings have no associated health problems when heterozygous, but are embryonic lethals when homozygous. The early 20th century German Shepherd breeding program extensively line bred and inbred color coat dogs that carried Greiff's recessive gene for white coats, to refine and expand the population of early German Shepherd Dogs. Shelties are one breed known to carry both true irish spotting and the sp allele, but many breeds only have one or the other. In other species, some white markings are also caused by the KIT gene. They also test as homozygous for recessive black, but it seems the recessive red overrides this. In technical terms this is This is because neither breed comes in piebald or irish spotting. carry those alleles. Split Faces and White Heads It could be a brindle dog with a white chest mark. Ssp. see the Nose Colours page). See the Merle page for more information. Generally the base of the tail is coloured, but other than that the patches may be located anywhere on the body (but rarely on the legs). actual white spotting as well - note the irregular pattern on the chest and the thin blaze on the muzzle. KIT is an extremely important gene and plays a role in stem cells and in the digestive tract, and some mutations in this gene (not those associated with white markings!) Although these dogs look like they have irish spotting, the pattern is actually caused by a different gene entirely, known as "KIT". but which is it? The extreme white pattern consists of a completely or predominantly white dog with just small amounts of colour on its head and sometimes base of tail. A dog with one copy will have a white trim and a dog with two copies will have full irish spotting (white neck/collar, face, chest, legs and tail tip). In other species, some white markings are also caused by the KIT gene. Extreme white can occasionally cause problems when it removes large amounts of pigment from the face and ears. Generally the base of the tail is coloured, but other than that the patches may be located anywhere on the body (but rarely on the legs). However, sometimes Boxer puppies are born which Interestingly, mutations in MITF have no link to skin colour in humans but do cause eye and sight issues. Some white patterns, are symmetrical with white markings on the undersides, collar and muzzle. See the Merle page for more information. Some panda Shepherds have blue eyes, however this is not linked to the KIT gene. A dog with one copy will have a white trim and a dog with two copies will have full irish spotting (white neck/collar, face, chest, legs and tail tip). The amount of white on a piebald heterozygote appears to vary drastically and some may look exactly like homozygous solids. These are mostly dogs with "true" irish spotting (in other words, irish spotting that breeds true - this should be made clear further down the page). * - e/e genotype breed that always presented cream to white coat color in DNA research at University of Saskatchewan. This dog has the white collar associated with irish spotting, but also the symmetrical cheeks associated with urajiro. A Sheltie who is white-factored has a recessive gene for white or white spotting, and can produce color-headed white puppies. In addition to sp, there is another allele known as si (irish spotting), which is most likely located on a different locus. Because piebald is a recessive gene and heterozygotes (piebald carriers) don't always have any white markings, it can remain hidden and It is likely that the sp allele here is affected by a modifier that extends the white markings, as white boxers are always extreme white instead of normal piebald pattern. The S locus in dogs has two known alleles: S (no white markings), and sp (piebald). Split and completely white faces are particularly common in the bull-type breeds, e.g. The ears will always remain coloured unless the dog has a very These two dogs (a Siberian Husky and a Finnish Lapphund) are genetically black and tan (atat), but with dilution This gene causes white markings in a number of mammals and is often associated with blue eyes and deafness. are common on dogs with dilution - Boxers with no piebald allele can still have residual white on the extremities, and pseudo-irish dogs can have anything from a very small amount of white to full irish markings, which can sometimes make it difficult to distinguish a piebald carrier from a non-carrier. can dilute it to cream, ivory or sometimes even white. Believe it or not, the Australian Cattle Dog above is an extreme white piebald. The allele White puppies can therefore be mostly avoided by always breeding irish-marked dogs to solid dogs, although care must be taken when it is unclear whether a dog is genetically solid or pseudo-irish, as it is possible for solid dogs to carry a piebald allele and not express it at all or only partly. A dog with phaeomelanin dilution will have solid black in all these areas (possibly with a dudley nose, which Split and completely white faces are particularly common in the bull-type breeds, e.g. The dog on the right is genetically a black tri but also has the merle gene (Mm), which has diluted random sections of the black to grey. Further Info and Links White Boxers Boxers generally come in what appears to be the irish spotting pattern, so The Aussies, Border Collie and Bernese Mountain Dog shown here are all true irish spotted. Cream or white is a relatively common coat color in many breeds but the underlying genetic mechanism for this color has not been elucidated. On a piebald dog, only the head, back and tail base may still How these puppies could be regularly born to parents with much more colour perplexed Boxer breeders for in the section above. A basic grasp of the genetics of dog breeding is essential if you are interested in being a dog breeder. Extreme white can occasionally cause problems when it removes large amounts of pigment from the face and ears. its most dominant gene, but may also be affected by the more recessive one to a lesser extent. A dog with phaeomelanin dilution will have solid black in all these areas (possibly with a dudley nose, which Links to studies: Urajiro is another phaeomelanin dilution pattern that can look like white markings. Boxers generally come in what appears to be the irish spotting pattern, so Spotted Weimaraner: KIT Gene Strikes Again: http://colorgenetics.info/canine/spotted-weimaraner-kit-gene-strikes-again#sthash.XjGhqSlH.dpbs Exclusion of EDNRB and KIT as the basis for white spotting in Border Collies: http://genomebiology.com/content/1/2/RESEARCH0004 Further Info and Links that causes this pattern has not yet been identified and it is not known if it is also located on the S locus. If you look closely, you can see that the cheeks are an "off-white" colour, not bright white like the collar. but which is it? the tip of the muzzle, the paws and the tip of the breastbone. These two Dachshunds look just like piebalds, but they're actually double merles and most likely don't have any S-locus white markings at all. the tip of the muzzle, the paws and the tip of the breastbone. Friedrich Sparwasser obviously had both white and wolf (sable) colored herding dogs of the same body conformation in his kennel and he was pairing white and colored dogs in his breeding program. A very wide range of patterns is caused by sp. Quick Summary! Boxers with no piebald allele can still have residual white on the extremities, and pseudo-irish dogs can have anything from a very small amount of white to full irish markings, which can sometimes make it difficult to distinguish a piebald carrier from a non-carrier. Phaeomelanin is red pigment, and the I locus Here's the quick version! merle will almost always have more white than its parents, and will often appear to have the piebald or extreme white pattern when in fact it does not we would expect most examples of the breed to have sisi on the S locus. See the Phaeomelanin Dilution page for more information. irish spotting. MITF and White Spotting in Dogs: A Population Study: http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/100/suppl_1/S66.full tip of the tail, the chest, neck and muzzle. Harlequin in Great Danes is another example of an embryonic lethal in dogs, although caused by a different gene to panda. Home. As it is, their white is non-genetic and breeding two dogs with white markings in these breeds will not necessarily produce puppies with any white at all. Just because only one in six of the puppies are supposed to pure white according to our calculations, it doesn't mean that if the first pup born is white, the second is any less likely to be white … She has pink around her eyes, ears, muzzle and underside (a sign of lack of pigment, associated with extreme whites) and a few dark spots on her ears. Exclusion of EDNRB and KIT as the basis for white spotting in Border Collies: http://genomebiology.com/content/1/2/RESEARCH0004 In other breeds the cause is less obvious and has led some people to postulate a further S allele - sw. This dog has the white collar associated with irish spotting, but also the symmetrical cheeks associated with urajiro. breed is known to commonly have the piebald gene. MITF and White Spotting in Dogs: A Population Study: http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/100/suppl_1/S66.full Interestingly, mutations in MITF have no link to skin colour in humans but do cause eye and sight issues. Urajiro is another phaeomelanin dilution pattern that can look like white markings. However, in breeds carrying piebald there is no real way to know whether minimal white markings are just residual white Most genetic researchers now map the so-called (C) gene to the tyrosinase (TYR) gene because albinism has been found to be the result of various genotype mutations at this locus in mice, humans, rabbits, cattle, and cats. pop up unexpectedly. by the interaction between homozygous irish spotting and homozygous piebald (e.g. The main way to tell a dog with extreme white spotting apart from a dog with phaeomelanin dilution is The Husky has No mutations in this gene have been found in dogs, however in horses EDNRB causes "lethal whites" (overo lethal white syndrome), where homozygous foals do not have a fully functioning digestive system and die soon after birth.
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