carpenter bee singapore

Figure 7. (1987). Xylocopa latipes. Bee stings may have … Warrit, N., Michener, C. D., & Lekprayoon, C. (2012). Descriptions and records of bees.—LXXXV. All females are able to reproduce. How To Draw A Carpenter Bee. Cockerell, T. D. A. The bees of the world (Vol. Ceratina nigrolateralis is a member of the Ceratinidia subgenus which is easily differentiated from other common subgenera, generally, by their extensive yellow markings (Figure 3). A. Shiokawa, M. (2010). The use of integrated taxonomy, the combination of both genetic and morphological data to sort out species relationships has become increasingly applied and important. Please note the Wiki.nus Terms of Use and Disclaimers. 3 Professional pic of Carpenter bee (Straits Times) Giant Carpenter bees (Xylocopa Latipes) are commonly found in Singapore.They are harmless to human but can be dangerous if threatened/provoked (Straits Times).Today, my girl and I saw one near our estate. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 55(3), 1042-1054. Baker & Cook - Artisan Bakery & Foodstore, Singapore. Fig. Within subgenera, strong support is generally observed with the exception of a few nodes within Neoceratina, Ctenoceratina, Zandontomerus, Ceratinula and Ceratinidia. This has been debated, with other authors bringing forth the possibility that the mites do not kill the brood as they develop within the cells, The species was originally described by Cockerell, in 1916, who was the first to review Southeast Asian. Release of Pithitis smaragdula 1 2. Sign in … Solitary bees include such familiar species as the Eastern carpenter bee (Xylocopa virginica), alfalfa leafcutter bee (Megachile rotundata), orchard mason bee (Osmia lignaria), and the hornfaced bee (Osmia cornifrons). Xylocopa caerulea, the blue carpenter bee, is a species of carpenter bee. -Accept Paylah, PayNow, bank transfer and payment modes through Carousell too. The most commonly-found member of the 10 or more species of Ceratina in Singapore, Ceratina nigrolateralis is an important generalist pollinator that can be found in both forested areas and near urban areas.It would therefore come as a great surprise to know that the tiny members of the genus Ceratina are some of the closest relatives of the large carpenter bees of the genus Xylocopa, some of the largest bees in Asia. 16 . 昆蟲, 55(3), 391-409. We work to provide solutions for a range of insects and rodents including: – Bed bugs – Carpenter bees – Powderpost beetles – Drywood and subterranean termites – Rats and mice – Mosquito Unlike honey bees, which live in colonies with a single egg-laying female (the queen), Carpenter Bees are considered solitary bees which live singly or in small groups. The Bayesian inference consensus (figure 10) has a generally high branch support. International journal of acarology, 13(2), 113-129. The main reason it is referred to as pest is because it bore into wood. Classification phylogénétique des Cératines du monde et monographie des espèces de la région ouest-paléarctique et de lA̕sie Centrale (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Xylocopinae: Ceratina Latreille) (Doctoral dissertation, Université de Mons-Hainaut, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Zoologie). Buy, sell, trade and exchange collectibles easily with Colnect collectors community. Daly, H. V., Bohart, G. E., & Thorp, R. W. (1971). Molecular phylogeny of the small carpenter bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Ceratinini) indicates early and rapid global dispersal. Subgenera are shown on the right and the red box highlights the Ceratinidia subgenus with C. nigrolateralis highlighted. Bees in the collection of the United States National Museum—4. Buy 1985 24 April Insects Definitive Series Carpenter Bee Singapore stamps in Singapore,Singapore. One is a type of carpenter bee with a heart-shape patch, found in 2014. 10 20 Introduction. . Xylocopa confusa is a large bee, reaching slightly more than 20mm. [1.2] Other species of carpenter bees found in Singapore Apart from Xylocopa aestuans, Singapore is home to about 9 known species of carpenter bees (Soh, personal communication, 2014) Figures 5 to 7 are examples of these other species of carpenter bees.Each species of carpenter bee is unique in their own way so do look out for them among the floral resources around Singapore! Stamp: Blue Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa caerulea) (Singapore) (Insects) Mi:SG 466II,Sn:SG 456a,Sg:SG 494a. 7 Cockerell, T. D. A. bayucca 6 years ago. Apart from Xylocopa aestuans, Singapore is home to about 9 known species of carpenter bees (Soh, personal communication, 2014) Figures 5 to 7 are examples of these other species of carpenter bees.Each species of carpenter bee is unique in their own way so do look out for them among the floral resources around Singapore! Learn to take early steps to identify potential bee infestation such as bee hives, presence of smooth round holes made on your structures (by Carpenter Bees). Specie most commonly encountered in Singapore is Xylocopa latipes or more commonly called tropical carpenter bee. Female White-cheeked Carpenter Beeshave a purplish brown iridescence on their wings as compared to the bluish-green iridescence of the Yellow-and-black Carpenter Bee. 4 Dean Brettschneider is the Global Baker - professional baker and patissier, teacher and award-winning author … 11  and have been shown to successfully increase crop yield8 Stamp: Blue Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa caerulea) (Singapore) (Insects) Mi:SG 466II,Sn:SG 456a,Sg:SG 494a. © 2017 K. Chang, Figure 6. . Taxonomic notes on the compacta species group of the genus Ceratina in the Philippines, with a new species (Hymenoptera, Apidae). 19 Getting Rid of Carpenter Bees. Buy 1985 24 April Insects Definitive Series Carpenter Bee Singapore stamps in Singapore,Singapore. https://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/stinging-insects/carpenter-bees Adapted from Rehan et al., 2010, . 5 Set of 2 Carpenter Bee Traps trap wood boring untreated fir new no jar design shou sugi ban CatrockWoodworks 5 out of 5 stars (30) $ 39.99 FREE shipping Add to Favorites Carpenter Bee Traps Recyclemethisandthat 4.5 out of 5 stars (6) $ 15.99. Sketching The Carpenter Bee Scratchmade Journal. The ceratinid bees of the Philippine Islands. Carpenter bees make nests by tunneling into wood, vibrating their bodies as they rasp their mandibles against the wood. Notes They differ from the latter, by having a shiny abdomen, rather than a hairy one. Osmia cornifrons and Pithitis smaragdula, two Asian bees introduced into the United States for crop pollination. clamped between its mandibles. Biological systematics of the genus Ceratina, subgenus Ceratinidia (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Apidae) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas). Drawing of C. nigrolateralis nest structure, adapted from Rehan et al., 20095, Video: Ceratina foraging on long-bracted spiderwort. A review of small carpenter bees of the genus Ceratina, subgenus Ceratinidia, of Thailand (Hymenoptera, Apidae). . Van der Vecht15 The genus Xylocopa are the large carpenter bees, a group distributed worldwide but more prevalent in warmer regions. van der Vecht, J. The yellow-banded carpenter bee, Mesotrichia caffra Linn, and its symbiotic mite, Dinogamasus Braunsi Vitzthun. There are 4 common bee species in Singapore: Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa latipes)Common Honey Bee (Apis javana)Small Honey Bee (Apis florea)Wild Honey Bee (Apis dorsata)You can identify bees mainly by their feathery body hairs and multiple yellow stripes on their abdomen. . They only just fitted in the hole in the centre of the petals. Megachile leaf-cutter and resin bees of Singapore (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae). In Mites (pp. Michener, C. D. (2000). One of the things we were amazed to see in Singapore's Gardens by the Bay where the Giants black beetle like carpenter bees. . In A Fight Between Carpenter Bee And Blebee Who Usually Wins Quora. Figure 3. Carpenter bees are large bees and similar in appearance to bumble bees, except the dorsal (top) surface of the abdomen is almost devoid of hairs and appears to be entirely black in the carpenter bee. “If I am not mistaken, the first bee is a female Xylocopa confusa and the second is a female X. latipes ,” wrote Chong Hong. Colnect collectors club revolutionizes your collecting experience! The cerulean carpenter bee is one of them, and was also one of the first bee species discovered here, in 1854. They function as pollinators of many local plants such as Sendudok (, Females are often mistaken for the Yellow-and-black Carpenter Bee (, iridescence on their wings as compared to the bluish-green. They are mainly solitary. We work to provide solutions for a range of insects and rodents including: – Bed bugs – Carpenter bees – Powderpost beetles – Drywood and subterranean termites – Rats and mice – Mosquito Only Colnect automatically matches collectibles you want with collectables collectors offer for sale or swap. This has been debated, with other authors bringing forth the possibility that the mites do not kill the brood as they develop within the cells13 Cockerell, T. D. A. The female holotype is located within the British Museum of Natural History. Males are easier to differentiate as their thorax is a more vibrant yellow that gets progressively darker towards the end of the abdomen. Rehan, S. M., Chapman, T. W., Craigie, A. I., Richards, M. H., Cooper, S. J., & Schwarz, M. P. (2010). Despite their value as pollinators, knowledge about Southeast Asian, This page therefore aims to shed light upon. There are 4 common bee species in Singapore: Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa latipes)Common Honey Bee (Apis javana)Small Honey Bee (Apis florea)Wild Honey Bee (Apis dorsata)You can identify bees mainly by their feathery body hairs and multiple yellow stripes on their abdomen. Carpenter bees are large bees and similar in appearance to bumble bees, except the dorsal (top) surface of the abdomen is almost devoid of hairs and appears to be entirely black in the carpenter bee. At present, C. nigrolateralis has 6 recognized subspecies, of which Ceratina nigrolateralis incerta is the form with a type locality in Singapore and is the subspecies inferred in this page4 12 [1.2] Other species of carpenter bees found in Singapore. C. nigrolateralis is distributed throughout Southeast Asia (Figure 8). A possible reason for the lack of certainty could be a result of the low number of genes used to generate the tree, only two mitochondrial genes, COI and Cytb were used in addition to one nuclear gene, EF1alpha. Ref Release of Pithitis smaragdula 1 2. How To Draw A Carpenter Bee. The Xylocopinae subfamily of Apidae constitutes bees with diverse sizes and appearances. Carpenter bees from the genus Xylocopa are large and often hairy bees that are usually dark coloured and about 20-30 mm in length. Molecular phylogeny of the small carpenter bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Ceratinini) indicates early and rapid global dispersal. Although a 3-4% difference is usually expected between species, up to 11.9% pairwise differences could be observed between species of Ceratina, which is very large even with species from different subgenera, while at a subspecies level, Ceratina nigrolateralis incerta and Ceratina nigrolateralis corbetti were found to have identical barcodes while Ceratina nigrolateralis incerta and Ceratina nigrolateralis acuticauda were 6.4% different. These burrows branch out into many parallel passageways. Xylocopa confusa is quite widely distributed across Southeast Asia, and is one of the commonly seen species in Singapore. There are 4 main species in Singapore: X. latipes, aestuans, flavonigrescens and caerulea. Carpenter bees prefer to burrow into soft woods where they can chew tunnels for the female bees to lay their eggs. Carpenter bee (Xylocopa latipes) visiting some flowers in Singapore. (1919a). Skaife, S. H. (2005). 18 Blue Carpenter Bees can make a hole up to around 1.5-inch in diameter in wood. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 55, 167–221. (1987). These three species are: Xylocopa latipes, Xylocopa aestuans and Xylocopa caerulea. Rehan, S. M., Chapman, T. W., Craigie, A. I., Richards, M. H., Cooper, S. J., & Schwarz, M. P. (2010). Females are often mistaken for the White-cheeked Carpenter Bee as they look exceedingly alike, though one way to tell them apart is to look at the iridescence of their wings. 11 The species has been found in almost every different habitat available in Singapore, from the managed greenery within the urban National University of Singapore (NUS) campus to the Central Catchment nature reserve (CCNR). (Sweat Bee) Lasioglossum sp. . 8 Blue Carpenter Bees are known for being large and overwhelming bees. Figure 1. . Maryland Agricultural Experimental Station Miscellaneous Publication. Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ArthropodaClass: InsectaOrder: HymenopteraSuperfamily: ApoideaFamily: ApidaeSubfamily: XylocopinaeTribe: CeratininiGenus: CeratinaSubgenus: CeratinidiaSpecies: nigrolateralis, Figure 9. Why Do Carpenter Bees Fight Each Other Quora. (Video taken from YouTube by Leong Tzi Ming, Meristogenys69) 5.2.4 Shield bug, Pycanum rubens The shield bug Pycanum rubens (3 cm long) is often spotted on its host plant, none other than the Simpoh Air! Original description of C. nigrolateralis 14. Since then, he has discovered — and even named — several new species for Singapore. The metallic Dwarf Carpenter Bee (Ceratina smaragdula) is one of a number of iridescent bees that can be found in Singapore’s parks.Prior to 2012, like many people, I had several misconceptions about bees. Nodes with less than 75% support are highlighted in yellow. It was suggested that the cleptoparasites kill young bees in brood cells and feed on pollen provisions12 Due to the benefits of using native species as crop pollinators, they have potential agricultural significance. At a deeper level, C. nigrolateralis can be recognized via the pattern and density of punctuation on the scutum (Figure 4i) and between the eyes (Figure 4v). Taxonomic notes on the compacta species group of the genus Ceratina in the Philippines, with a new species (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Figure 10. They are solitary bees, often seen working alone. The Carpenter Bee. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 15(1), 63-76. Description. The antennal scape are dark or black (Figure 4iv) and the T1 tergite has a reduced yellow marking compared to other species that forms a spot in the center (Figure 4iii). Only Colnect automatically matches collectibles you want with collectables collectors offer for sale or swap. The yellow-banded carpenter bee, Mesotrichia caffra Linn, and its symbiotic mite, Dinogamasus Braunsi Vitzthun. Carpenter bees prefer to burrow into soft woods where they can chew tunnels for the female bees to lay their eggs. The use of both morphology and genitalia are therefore still very relevant, in addition to DNA, as tools in the delimiting of species. Terzo, M. (2000). Out of the many common bee species in Singapore, the Carpenter Bee is considered one of the more damaging to humans due to their habit of boring into wood to make galleries for rearing young. Shiokawa (2015)19 It was suggested that the cleptoparasites kill young bees in brood cells and feed on pollen provisions, . 9 revised the subgenus Ceratinidia in his dissertation and in 2012, treated most Southeast Asian species in a revision of Thai Ceratinidia3 Photos in listing. Warrit, N., Michener, C. D., & Lekprayoon, C. (2012). (1919b). 9 A Carpenter Bee, the Xylocopa Latipes, feeding from a morning glory flower in the Punggol HDB estate on Sept 14, 2011. Over eight months, he learnt about over 50 species of bees not found in exhibitions or books about local biodiversity. More than 45 species have been found in Southeast Asia, with the 10 or more species in Singapore representing five out of seven regional subgenera. Systematic Parasitology, 3(3), 145-183. Only Colnect automatically matches collectibles you want with collectables collectors offer for sale or swap. Free basic mail. Photos in listing. The authors found that there were higher rates of cladogenesis closer to the origin of each tribe which corresponded to major dispersal events that lead to the extant subgenera20 are often mistaken as Bumble Bees. Consensus phylogram from Bayesian Inference (BI) analysis with prosterior probability support indicated for all nodes. Buy, sell, trade and exchange collectibles easily with Colnect collectors community. The authors relied on this tree for the recovering of phylogenies, the data was partitioned into 6 parts and run in MrBayes. Multifemale nests and rudimentary castes of an" almost" solitary bee Ceratina flavipes, with additional observations on multifemale nests of Ceratina japonica (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Stamp: Blue Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa caerulea) (Singapore) (Insects) Mi:SG 466I,Sn:SG 456,Yt:SG 458,Sg:SG 494. Solitary bees … Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 114(3), 398-416. Figure 2. Following this, the species has had at least three major synonyms, Ceratina acuticauda16 They are all generally large, mainly black bees, which may be mistaken for bumblebees, but are generally larger and comparatively hairless (this is why the abdomen appears shiny and hard). Subgenera are shown on the right and the red box highlights the, The Bayesian inference consensus (figure 10) has a generally high branch support. 6 Cockerell, T. D. A. Males have unusual front legs that are lighter in colour and covered in smooth, brush-like hairs. Carpenter bee (Xylocopa latipes) visiting some flowers in Singapore. (Small Carpenter Bee) Ceratina perforatrix (Small Carpenter Bee) Euaspis sp. It shows two carpenter bees taking nectar and pollen from flowers of Singapore Rhododendron or Sendudok (Melastoma malabathricum). [ a b ]. 1 Species ID Suggestions +2. Source: Youtube. (1987). Free basic mail. One is a type of carpenter bee with a heart-shape patch, found in 2014. It shows two carpenter bees taking nectar and pollen from flowers of Singapore Rhododendron or Sendudok (Melastoma malabathricum). As they nest within dry stems and twigs and thrive on flowers near nests sites, they have been demonstrated to have potential for domestication6 Tweet; Description: Just perching on a leaf. Specimens have even been collected from among the Jurong subcoastal scrubs4  later revised the compacta species group of Ceratinidia. Despite their value as pollinators, knowledge about Southeast Asian Ceratina only began to develop more quickly in the 2000s and specific information about C. nigrolateralis remains limited. Though members of the genus are usually associated with metallic blue and green coloration, various subgenera, such as Ceratinidia, are characterized by strong black and yellow colors. They carry out buzz pollination, where they grab onto flowers and buzz at a specific frequency, releasing pollen in the process. Blue Carpenter Bees can make a hole up to around 1.5-inch in diameter in wood. 14 Adult carpenter bees overwinter in abandoned nest tunnels where they have stored limited pollen to survive the colder temperatures. Images and content by others should not be used without permission. Ascher, J. S., Chui S. X., Warrit, N., Soh, Z. W. W., Lee, J. X. Q., Soh, E. J. Y. (1919b). Bees like honey bees and carpenter bees seldom sting in Singapore, unless provoked. ): Carpenter bees refer to a family of bees, of which three species can be found in Singapore. Ceratina, however, are much smaller and more slender, coming to no more than 8mm in length in comparison to Xylocopa which can grow to more than 20mm in length (Figure 2). The most commonly-found member of the 10 or more species of Ceratina in Singapore, Ceratina nigrolateralis is an important generalist pollinator that can be found in both forested areas and near urban areas. The above image by Basil Chia shows a Dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis) with a carpenter bee (Xylocopa sp.) 1. Colnect collectors club revolutionizes your collecting experience! Evidence of social nesting in the Ceratina of Borneo (Hymenoptera: Apidae). These are true bees which leads a solitary lifestyle. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 16(2), 275-284. It has a distinctive, low-pitched buzzing that can be heard while foraging. It often makes long deep tunnels in wooden rafters, fallen trees, telephone poles and the like, but is not found in living trees. Fig. In particular, please adhere to copyright law. Descriptions and records of bees.—LXXXV. Left: Ceratina nigrolateralis from the Ceratinidia subgenus © 2016 K. Chang and Right: Ceratina smaragdula from the Pithis subgenus. -Plea Chat to Buy References: [1] Ascher JS, Risch S, Soh ZWW, Lee JXQ, Soh EJY. : You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Carpenter bees make nests by tunneling into wood, vibrating their bodies as they rasp their mandibles against the wood. Introduction. There are many good carpenters in Singapore with specialization of particular areas of carpentry. Consensus phylogram from Bayesian Inference (BI) analysis with prosterior probability support indicated for all nodes. 1 Carpenter bee from dorsal view (the abdomen is hidden)Fig. {"serverDuration": 1118, "requestCorrelationId": "144d887d1dd6ad36"}, LSM4254 - Principles of Taxonomy and Systematics: Species Pages on the Biodiversity of Singapore, Ceratina nigrolateralis - Small Carpenter Bee. 1). This page therefore aims to shed light upon Ceratina nigrolateralis, a species native to Singapore. X. latipes is the Xylocopa caerulea is a relatively large species, reaching an average size of 23 millimetres (0.91 in). Warrit, N. (2007). 7 Small carpenter bees of the genus Ceratina (Apidae: Xylocopini) of Singapore. Figure 8. Set of 2 Carpenter Bee Traps trap wood boring untreated fir new no jar design shou sugi ban CatrockWoodworks 5 out of 5 stars (30) $ 39.99 FREE shipping Add to Favorites Carpenter Bee Traps Recyclemethisandthat 4.5 out of 5 stars (6) $ 15.99. From the large carpenter bees of the genus, Though members of the genus are usually associated with metallic blue and green coloration, various subgenera, such as, Figure 6. Bees in the collection of the United States National Museum—4. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore. clamped between its mandibles. Habitat: National Orchid Garden, Singapore Botanic Gardens. Springer US. The species was originally described by Cockerell, in 191614 Fig. , who was the first to review Southeast Asian Ceratina, redescribed Ceratina nigrolaterallis as a species and proceeded to provide a key to various subspecies3 Here are five facts about carpenter bees (Xylocopa sp. How To Draw A Carpenter Bee. [ a b c ] 2 Carpenter bee from anterior view. Footnotes Multifemale nests and rudimentary castes of an" almost" solitary bee Ceratina flavipes, with additional observations on multifemale nests of Ceratina japonica (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). 1 Carpenter bee from dorsal view (the abdomen is hidden)Fig. Noticed only by the sharp-eyed, Ceratina nigrolateralis is a tiny bee with a glossy black and yellow body, often seen foraging alone on a wide variety of flowers. “If I am not mistaken, the first bee is a female Xylocopa confusa and the second is a female X. latipes ,” wrote Chong Hong. . -Plea Chat to Buy Descriptions and records of bees.—CXVIII. Adapted from image courtesy of © S. X. Chui. It is shiny, fully black in colour with fuscous metallic blue-green or purple wings in sunlight. An earlier post can be viewed HERE.. Dollarbirds usually hunt from a high point, making aerial captures when flying insects pass by. 218-251). Xylocopa latipes, the tropical carpenter bee, is a species of carpenter bee widely dispersed throughout Southeast Asia.As its name suggests, this bee inhabits forests in warm tropical climates and constructs nests by burrowing into wood. Small wonders singapore news top carpenter bee page 1 line how to trap and kill carpenter bees carpenter bees horticulture and home how to get rid of carpenter bees. An earlier post can be viewed HERE.. Dollarbirds usually hunt from a high point, making aerial captures when flying insects pass by. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 10(4), 142–152. Journal of Economic Entomology, 64(5), 1145-1150. Size comparison, from left to right, Xylocopa latipes (the largest bee in Singapore), Apis cerana (the eastern honey bee) and Ceratina nigrolateralis. Adapted Xylocopa latipes and Apis cerana images courtesy of © S. X. Chui, Ceratina nigrolateralis © 2016 K. Chang. The best method of getting rid of carpenter bee is through prevention. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Due to the benefits of using native species as crop pollinators, they have potential agricultural significance. Carpenter bees are known to attack unfinished wood under the sills and decks. The carpenter bee only takes a few hours to drill one hole and therefore lots of such holes can appear over a very short period of time. However there are violent species like the Africanized honey bees that can bite large numbers of humans, luckily we never have to find some of them here. A review of small carpenter bees of the genus Ceratina, subgenus Ceratinidia, of Thailand (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Learn to take early steps to identify potential bee infestation such as bee hives, presence of smooth round holes made on your structures (by Carpenter Bees). In addiition, the authors also had a Maximum Parsimony bootstrap consensus tree (that was not used to recover phylogeny), with bootstrap supports at similar nodes showing percentage supports that were as low as 10%. Here are some common species found in Jurong Lake Gardens. Image courtesy of © Zestin Soh. Due to the approximately 7mm size of C. nigrolateralis, a microscope or magnifying glass may be required to view certain characteristics. Despite this, they are peaceful giants that are relatively docile and harmless. (i) scutum (ii) scutellum (iii) T1 tergite (iv) scape (v) space between eyes (vi) clypeus (vii) angular projection of coxa (viii) midleg. Ontogeny, systematics and ecology of. -Accept Paylah, PayNow, bank transfer and payment modes through Carousell too. Xylocopa confusa is quite widely distributed across Southeast Asia, and is one of the commonly seen species in Singapore. The tree shows the highest support at the subgenus level but may be less resolved otherwise. (1929). However, between subgenera, support can drop lower, as seen from supports as low as 54% between Megaceratina and other Ceratina clades, 48% between Zandontomerus and Calloceratina and 42%, which is observed between Copoceratina and Ceratina.

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