If the dip of bedding is > 5°, if the direction is the same as the dip of slope from topography, then the boundary will be drawn by cutting off the contour line but a bit inclined to downward. endstream (It is armed with a number of ideas about the geology developed from looking at published maps, literature, satellite image, aerial photographs, topographic map and/or gravity map). Two things to be noted are: efficiency of trajectory direction and location selection of the observation point. Steps for determination of strike or dip of rock layers through a topographic map are as follows: A map that’s used as a basis to draw the boundary unit of geomorphology is a topography map. Geologic Mapping Regional Tournament Trial Event Team Name_____ A TEAM OF UP TO: 2 AVAILABLE TIME: 50 min Required Materials: Each team MUST have a protractor, ruler, non-programmable calculator, colored pencils, and an equal … _O�䒮'�=E���!���]{��# � � � ,p~����c��Hx�"�]h;#�\�N��,;_ Maps in mountainous areas may have contour intervals of 100 feet or more. Pick point (for crystalline rocks or hard-rocks), Chisel point (for sedimentary rocks or soft-rocks), Safety helmet (Important if we go down to hole or cave). The point where the common boundary morphology is sharp (perhaps also the contact between rocks). While smart mapping is done by considering the results of satellite image or topographical maps analysis, so it would be more efficient in geological mapping according to the desired scale. Clarification of the Rock Description -cheat sheet- assignment. We can mark our track on topographic map or secondary map. Sloppy field notes make a messy interpretation. Contour Map Characteristics •Other geologic features commonly expressed by contour maps include: ... •Place a folded sheet of paper along the line. Close polygon means that the start point same as finish point. << /Type /Page /Parent 4 0 R /Resources 7 0 R /Contents 5 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Update the field strategy. � � �@��2�jp�cL�9�O5ܟA�(@��hE�eNe�ht1Re��"��H�H�H`�X�1�q8. Check field notes. Dont forget to traverse our track every time we go tracking. Is this contact a planar surface? Geological mapping is a scientific process and corresponds to the classic scientific method: theorizing, making predictions from the theories, and designing experiments (field observations or geochemistry analysis) to test the predictions. b. View Lecture Slides - Geologic Mapping Cheat Sheet from ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 101 at Fairfax High, Fairfax. Use stratigraphic column, geologic map, topographic profile, strike and dip, and bed thickness measurement to construct a cross-section of sub-surface structures. Geological mapping is a process of problem solving. If you don't see any interesting for you, use our search form on bottom ↓ . Land Records Cheat Sheet . Efficient track direction is the direction perpendicular to the common dip or perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fold or spreading of rock or lengthening morphology element. This rule is also not applicable in a field that has igneous and metamorphic rocks. While in the field, there are some basic criteria that can be used to make the observation location: The Jacob staff should be perpendicular with the bedding (Source : Stratigraphy Principle mapping archive), (Source : Stratigraphy Principle mapping archive). It will be more effective cause every river bank certainly eroded and the bedrock can be exposed. ), The point where (1) to (3) don’t exist but there are good or complete outcrops, The point where there is found positive geological potential and/or negative potential such as landslide, etc, Point somewhere where possible morphological descriptions in the other direction (from a height in the direction of lower or of the plain towards the hills around. ]�2�����> � � ����>�� Ϝ�J@��s��Q/u�;����'4�����D�!ގ��� � � � �@INc��=��rq�WaἺ7hPB�]��}c�\}���"t� M�,��'78����B�j��Ɇ��(�oLf�e�rL����MH�H�H�H�@tݸ):��t��v���l It will help us to make the measurement efficiently. The poster is consist of: Poster must be arranged with a logical line of reasoning and neatly structured. stream Remember to only write on the answer sheet. Determination of track plan is a step that should have been done before go to field. United States Geological Survey. How to interpret strike and dip of bedding rocks from images or topographic maps, Post-mapping stage (reading a geologic map), Pramumijoyo, S., 2014, Metode Geologi Lapangan: Yogyakarta, unpublished, Sukanndarumidi, 2011, Pemetaan Geologi. •Mark each contour line intersecting the paper. Different reliefs are caused by differences in the type of lithology, geological structure, and exogenic processes that control the morphology. Rock units or geologic strata are shown by color or symbols. Historical Maps Cheat Sheet . In this activity, students create a geologic map and cross-section of the Fish Springs cinder cone and surrounding area in the Owens Valley, CA, using a high-resolution DEM developed from airborne lidar data as a base map. Expert Task Analysis – Mapping “Cheat Sheet” Geologic Mapping Cheat Sheet (Record all answers in your notebook) 1) This Outcrop: a) Where am I? Points will be deducted if you write on the test. Draw at least ve strike lines on the limestone/mudstone contact. 6 0 obj Soil colors, signing what is the original rocks, taking from man-made holes, animal burrows, or cliff. To make a good geological map, a geologist must have skill in geological mapping and know about how to read geological map. The place where the common structure (fault, stocky, folds, etc. Fill in the bubble of the best answer on your answer sheet. A tentative geomorphological map is drawn up early because morphology is the the most easily seen and identified appearance. It is real, and don’t underestimate. �/)'��}l�[�FΪ[���N�6�8�>z��m��>% ��!�3.^�C�)�`�G�'�T��Ө�j]H؟���7l��b|y�H�H�H��!��o�sP�1"�V�vQ��l,퀱��ʕr��B�V�c J���r��!�2�Y�u����H)2��? '3g/��)^B$@$@$@UK�mԝ��Y����ڗ)W����ҮR��z��/%���/�qr�R���� � � ���E?��aG�-���L�0���L��㝁Jf��t�!��Į�Τ��ƒ�! ]��Y��}��FS�m�}mu���/w�o�����+���=��.�;v�H�H�H����פ��+���2Yr`�|d{���!Kn����U~�;��'ޝR�^����/�E�|� � � � T��I�ۗq�m�2^�/O��>���Py]�U=��'��������5��S��;� � � �@�R����ĔX�>�͛q���g�����Nt�{S��c˼&�% � � � �@E�L��Z=oN*`0|z4u���$�]�i�Mfئ�N��s�~$��H�H�H�H@{�C# Geological mapping for areas that have tropical climate, with the possibility of limited data mostly use smart mapping. Which of the following geologic time periods is represented by the map symbol Q? The initial step that should be done is secondary data collection. Basic steps of geological mapping consist of observation and measurement in the field, taking samples, and analyzing samples in a laboratory. View Geologic Mapping from AA 1Geologic Mapping 180° azimuth form Faults phenomena at a convergent a. Tropical soils, the built environment and geological features generally have red contribute to its spectral signature. CORPORATE. << /Length 6 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Determine the time design. 3 0 obj The accuracy and precision of geological map is mainly based on the scale of the map that you want to make. c. Determine the order of events based on geological … While systematic mapping is used when variations of lithology are very complex so observation of some point isn’t enough to represent all lithologies and structures in the mapped area and the availability of sufficient time. Create a closed path (circular) so that there are trajectory that leave basecamp and back to basecamp. Below is the rules and the right procedure about how to make map: Geological mapping is a basic stage in the more complex geology analysis. Which way do the beds dip? Place the Jacob stick perpendicular with bedding. b) What am I looking at? Note to glance topography maps, to see accessibility. Geologic maps only show what is exposed at the surface of the Earth. New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology 801 Leroy Place Socorro, NM 87801-4796 575-835-5490 High School Advance Geology Map Test 2014 Name_____ Use the information on each map to provide the best answer to the questions. You can know it from secondary mapping by interpretating it. proficient in both reading and constructing topographic maps, Contours and topography are just the first part of a geologic map. The first thing that you need to make is the poster. Based on the characteristics of stream patterns, lineaments, and density contour, morphological units are named, better use morphogenesis name because it represents landscape and processes that influence. endobj endobj Prediction and interpretation is done to an area and field observations is to prove the results of the interpretation. Certainly on the tentative lithology or geological map, will appear relationships of stratigraphic units and the possibility of geological structure. Stage in geological mapping is pre mapping, mapping, and post mapping. %��������� Smart mapping is used for several reasons, such as that the mapping area is too large, mapping time is too short, or lithological variations are relatively homogeneous. The contour interval is printed in the margin of each U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) map. Since the 1800s, the USGS and its partners, the State Geological Surveys, have been producing high quality, standardized geologic maps of the Nation. This rule is not applicable in a field where there’s fault. It’s used to measure the width of bedding. Bathymetric contours are shown in blue or black, depending on Alfred Wegener Popularized idea of continental drift James Hutton Popularized idea of The objectives of basic geological mapping are to describe and depict the geological composition and structure in a particular It’s like a rally track, the start point is not the finish point. On this page you can read or download geologic mapping notes scince science olympiad in PDF format. No partial credit will be awarded (+3 pt. Yogyakarta : Gadjah Mada Press, https://wiki.aapg.org/index.php?title=Geologic_mapping_(UGM)&oldid=26657. Bad sample management can be a real headache. �E������[��`m�)_�ü��:���GT����O�g]}TV��g�U��)7g�Ι��j�� tV�Kvf��v��� Is in field for a week, two days off? Genealogy Mapping Resources. •From each mark, indicate the vertical height with a dot on a scale. Refer to the tentative lithology or geological map. Different types of data collection techniques are available. Trajectory mapping is mapping done by combining several observation points. 2. VISIT SITE. But the geological map is very useful as a guide in geological mapping plan, because the main object of mapping is to find the boundary of geological units and geological structure, so that the field observations can be focused on areas that indicate differences in litology from tentative map. Whether to spend one full month? �* ��5t���M���lO�. This process is aimed to obtain early predictions about the area that will be mapped in the form of a tentative interpretation of geological maps, tentative interpretation of geomorphological map, making trajectory plan, lineament analysis, and making a plan or schedule for geological mapping. Determining process of geomorphology unit boundary can be done with following steps: Tentative geological map is a map that is subsequently created, the boundary of geomorphological units that are made in geomorphological map will be reused in making a tentative geological map. Geological mapping is one geological data presentation that’s most competent and is used for various purposes either for science or exploration of natural resources. Tentative geological map is conjectural and therefore we should investigate the truth in the field. Systematic mapping is done by mapping technically only, without considering geomorphology, distribution of geomorphology, or geological structure pattern. Don’t be too focused to just one model. << /Length 20 0 R /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 881 /Height 546 /Interpolate 3 weeks? Multiple Choice: Please select ALL answers that apply. ONE GIS-BASED DATA STRUCTURE FOR GEOLOGICAL MAPPING USING 15 MAP SHEETS – DAWN AT CERES. To make a boundary between two different rock units, we need to measure strike and dip in field observation. And also we need to pay attention closely to any contact between two different rock units that we found in the field. The result of this determination is still tentative and should be checked in the field. Take samples appropriately. Usually, the rocks are divided into mappable units that can be easily recognized and traced across an area. 5. For example teak trees usually grow above carbonate rocks. Symbolizing Geology. Details of geological map depend on the its scale, and the density and accuracy of observations in the field. Learn about geology, the study of the earth, which begins with the study of the three types of rocks, plate tectonics, and the geologic timescale. The main goal in many geological surveys no longer is to create a single geologic map but to create a database from which many types of geologic and engineering geology maps can be derived. Topic 3.3 The Geological Time-scale Page 3 of 30 The Geological Time-Scale This is the revised Geological Time-Scale and will be provided to you in the 2006 examination. Smart mapper will start by looking at aerial photos to determine where the available outcrop is and then make 2-3 traverses across. Go to the structural geology area, it can indicate the uplifted or unresistant rocks. true /ColorSpace 21 0 R /SMask 22 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Filter /FlateDecode The initial trajectory plan may need to be corrected, and your time off is a good time to revise. >> /Font << /TT9 18 0 R /TT2 9 0 R /TT5 14 0 R /TT7 16 0 R /TT4 13 0 R >> USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) National Geologic Map Database. Do all the units on this map have the same strike? A geologic map is a special-purpose map made to show various geological features. Where is the estimates locations that have interpretive structures on the map? Its function is to crosscheck and facilitate the achievement of the coverage area of study. Science Olympiad Rules book for the ... WHAT IS A GEOLOGIC MAP? Estimated geological structure will facilitate observations in the field to look for evidence of the structure. About This Quiz & Worksheet. /Rotate 0 >> Morphological changes reflect differences in lithology, geological structure, exogenic process, and time. ��2z Locations to be visited: the possibility of a fault, peak / fold axis, the wings of fold, etc; If you already understand this passage, mark it on the new topographic map (clear) as a sign founded stop site. To get a geological interpretation that’s closer to the truth, we need adequate data and important geological data packaging. Geological History that’s arranged based on the stratigraphy and structure of the area, Photos and Diagrams from Laboratory Observations or Analysis, Attachments (photos, sketches and diagrams that are optional). � Check out the National Geologic Map Database (NGMDB), which is the National archive of these maps and related geoscience reports. � R{q�(��Yӏ_���y�����"%-}&o��Q������bO �W�� �{r����ѥ4�_)H^4O�=�tE���7͊57��Vt�Q�zE����x2�\^�G�'����ח/��Ds ���)��UK�ɏvEoi��a�W졏����|9P�u���ԙ���DJ�v0S\� ,�>�� Q��r쮎�x���iW�a��P�۷� jm�mpҕҕ�\k�s��+*�f;#[�H�&H|i�H��D����|����o�}���}����zC뻇� Q�g��#�!�Sr\��}x��x5����I2��(�&�s#�ZZp2��)^k�K��6Z+��b(�ګߣ8��C��X!%T$u�����r-Y���� ��Ry�y�aw���MJ҇G[7`:w�.>I.m������a��|@�(/dl�y�'�1���,`�����~�;�zy��*��m�-�0��Ɉw���/�#5���Q�.J�WAƈ}�J��6�3q`>�8�S���ѷY����۱�� �o6��s�+��XEC7ᣇ��>-&?����y1�^g�/9�sϤ�Bڅ2X��9E�ݍ�L�`�E��Fc��(��ы"kG�e � Q��| Answer questions 1-6 using the WHITEWATER, WIS Quadrangle. Strategic locations where outcrop of stratigraphy is found (river valleys, escarpment erosion, mining areas, etc.). Use the clinometer to measure dip, so that Jacob stick can be perpendicular with the bedding. Geological mapping is a step-by-step process, which culminates in a compilation of a geological map. A. Nass, and the Dawn Mapping Team DLR, Intitute for Planetary Research, Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany (andrea.nass@dlr.de). Geologic maps show the distribution of rocks at the Earth's surface. x�X�n7��+���cK�&�' � ��`����� ������tϪA��������z��=�N����O� )j�o��sG��aMZ�ϊ�t�RE Plan alternative or new trajectories. The … Geologic mapping consists of three point stages: Pre-mapping stage is performed before collecting data in the field. << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] /ColorSpace << /Cs1 21 0 R Mapping Geologic Hazards Name_____ Section_____ Latitude is distance north or south of the Equator, and longitude is distance east or west of the prime meridian. There are many different types of maps, and this quiz/worksheet combination is written to review your ability to understand and interpret a geologic map. GEOLOGIC MAPPING - VANHECKE SCIENCE.COM. Will there be continuing, discontinuing, or interfingering? ��.��3]�׆4�ߋ�Ɋ��O��-���@�H'"z����bl㩈�He�뤯1�G�lC New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology 801 Leroy Place Socorro, NM 87801-4796 575-835-5490 For more efficient, before go to field create a map of the distribution of the main road to the footpath and distribution of streams and valleys Find the intersection direction of the road and the river is approximately perpendicular / angular blunt with unit geomorphic boundary (relief : are allowed so synonymous with boundary of litology units). Method of surface geological mapping: Geological mapping is the process of making observations of geology and structure in the field and recording them on a base map … Geological mapping is a multidisciplinary method that combines petrology, structural geology, geomorphology, paleontology, stratigraphy, sedimentology, etc. A geological map is a map that consists of geological information of the outer layer of earth crust; they are a variation of lithology, distribution of geologic structure, stratigraphy and geomorphology. Bedding planes and structural features such as faults, folds, are shown with strike and dip or trend and plunge symbols which give three-dimensional orientations features.. Stratigraphic contour lines may be used to illustrate the … Both appearances will be seen if the boundary is cutting of the river line. Geological mapping consists of two kind based on selection trajectory: Figure 1 Illustration of systematic mapping (Derived from Pramumijoyo[1]), Figure 2 Illustration of smart mapping (Derived from Pramumijoyo[1]). Tracks should be sequential and don’t jump around. This is because most structures tend to dip or plunge and, therefore, one can infer the direction and degree of dip or plunge through outcrop patterns. Geologic Map Databases. Every Jacob stick has 10 cm interval every red-white line. The final result from all geological methods is a geological map. Note the availability of time. a) If so, how? Go to the river, and look at the river banks. Eon Era Period Epoch Date at Boundary (Ma = million years ago) Holocene Neogene (previously Quaternary) 0.01 Pleistocene 1.5 Pliocene 5 Old Tertiary-Quaternary boundary Miocene 24 7 0 obj 5 0 obj Do not take anything except somethings you need, such as samples. To make a good geological map, a geologist must have skill in geological mapping and know about how to read geological map. � � �@���K� W����Qe(�l��e_����Ʀ�C$@$@$P��ܢV��V�AOf���g~�>�vj;�F$@$@$@5C z�'?�܋�n9�Eů� 2) Does this outcrop relate to the last one? The greater scale means the more accurate the map that you make. each) 1. -���H�H�H�H����OևK!�|�ޡx̦]q�Yew��s6�`������� ���$@$@$@$�6��� � �;��w(~�bW�n�s-|A�)v�H�H�H`a����o��+��XZ�>.��D���������k���$@$@$@�N �3{��m�Tn��������]��}��Hce��-��H�H�H`a���No�N Y��w�.\�?����^� � � �@��3�E�}/����]PR��{���PU���b�H�H�H�j�@ت����{�@�P���"���� ����ڟo�! Generate a map using the National Map, find obscure ancestral places, and explore satellite and topographic views. A map of a relatively fl at area may have a contour interval of 10 feet or less. More value of strike and dip means the more accurate the geological structure construction and more rocks variance. 19 0 obj Red is used in formulas like the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) because how much plants absorb red (and blue) light. Ask for permission to government and civil organization before we start to mapping. a common contact-lithology boundary (don’t forget that the geological maps essentially is a map that illustrates the spreading direction contacts!). U.S. Department of the Interior | U.S. Geological Survey Supported by the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program Page Contact Information: Personnel Page Last Modified: Thu May 13 20:21:15 2021 Does it take a lot of time or medium? ���N�Z�DR�q�ʗ�?C����oש������G>�t����T���|��d���Ll�����4��*�[�t���tm����l7����L��b���]GV���_,�T�оdI%j��qs�Bzt@�R��4-�W�s�t����\`��=ɧk����CÕ�Iȗ1Q�r`�G�-�L���l����{-���5 �d-e��U�:�q���uS�e�{X��[Lk*�Rc�f�H]���"-����4Q� S$�ӶFa�C1�3#�?ݏ`ŋ��Wf��q�;���h%'�|�2�D'+F�ަHbA:��A5Z�Qv����I���N��n�G�mi��}���l��[!���9�Q�ZU D D�ь�}��m�nv���ܽ C����ADzP�8���|Gp��|6tW�k�Ϯc��3�sS������Y��t�Ĕ�[�a}��m�x��U�b�f���8�������O/�t�����M� �we�!��b�qA+ Obey the local rules and respect the folk story. Also, we use special geologic symbols to indicate 3-dimensionality on our maps. Thus geologic maps, especially the kind that are still printed on paper, represent a … 4. Create as much as possible in the confines of the unit and structure. Marine geology and geophysics Part of the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), this website houses a collection of marine geology and bathymetry maps and datasets. This page was last modified on 19 March 2019, at 14:07. Introduction: One aim of the NASA Dawn mission is to generate global geologic maps of the ateroid Vesta s Lab 07: Rotations and Geologic Maps Lab 09: Finite Strain Lab 10: Stress Lab 11: Elasticity Theory Lab 12: Stress and strain around a hole Lab 13: Fault slip Lab 14: Folds . GemPy – 3-D structural geological modelling software with implicit modelling and support for stochastic modelling; HyVR – 3-D anisotropic subsurface models based on geological concepts that can be used with groundwater flow simulators (e.g., ModFlow) Fault is marked by the change of contour line patterns drastically or shifted in a narrow area. ���a���� � � � �*dEO����:$@$@$@$@�J���M�;�ؕT�ƨT�ߝ:~��m����9�v� � � ,x��;�WOfu)Z�-n3RT.��J $@$@$@UH�g��Uʜ�^=�M5ܺ9��ff�*�Dl � � ��B'pi���*$E����UOK�B���? Open polygon means that we doing mapping from the first point > second point > third point and so on, until the finish point is not the first point in one day. x콇\���������lY�,[�d˲e˒�Tl�2�@�-zI�t)$�=!��@!yh %B % %�:�������%okm��9eW�k?��g�Ι3���k������ � ,q�ZH�H�H����Y�-a�h��#��?�=����ޞ�g[�#��%l+��^6�H�H�H��"����0O;��zjw�=��ڗyw���;���^E�|rWꇽ�I�ۤC=|� � � � ,4P����K�ό���G��ٝ�x���v�B���� � � ��% 1 �wf��o���4HJ���b/���]�mr��tf��$@$@$@� ��C����w�e�R�R This page has been accessed 23,278 times. To make a stratigraphy successions, we need a Jacob stick, it’s a 150 meters stuff with a sign delimiter every 10 centimeters and clinometer in the top part and also we need stratigraphic measurements sheet. Less time is spent in areas where the rocks are uniform and a lower density of observations will serve. 2015 GEOLOGIC MAPPING . Therefore it is very important to know the purpose of geological mapping before doing the mapping to desired area. It’s important thing to do, because we can know more about the rocks strata and correlate them to predict a geological history. Topographic maps depict clearly the different reliefs that appear on the surface of the earth. The aim of the analysis process is to determine the following points: Determining the direction of strike and dip can be done by looking at the secondary data. Up on completion of the geological map, applied maps of various thematic objectives are more efficiently compiled. Most useful observations are the predictable geometrical relationships between bedding, cleavage, lineaments and, Geological research for area that will be mapped, Geological maps of mapping area (if available), Choose a hill or high topography that extends, Pull the longitudinal direction of the hill or high topography as the direction of strike, Direction of dip is determined by looking at the density of, Direction of dip is parallel to the most tenuous density contour of both sides of the strike, Create a boundary line unit by taking into differences in density of contour lines (dense and loose), Make a geomorphological section in certain direction to be certain of the limits of morphological unit, Create the pattern of morphological lineament (ridge) and geological structures (valley). endobj Although not usually true, but the data is quite useful as a first approximation. The divisions (contacts between units) are based on color, texture, or rock composition. 3.5 Using a Barometer to Locate Geologic Features on a Map 32 3.6 Geologic Features to be plotted on the Base map 32 3.7 Mapping contacts between Rock Units 37 3.8 Mapping by the Outcrop or Exposure method 39 3.9 Using Colored Pencils in Mapping 40 3.10 Summary 40 3.11 References 41 3.0 INTRODUCTION Keep place perpendicular with the bedding. /XObject << /Im2 19 0 R /Im1 10 0 R >> >> If not, why not? the general shape of the terrain. For example, 1 : 25000 scale is more accurate than 1 : 50000 scale. Plan a cut off point as stop site for observation. Working twice in the same stop site could happen. All of that information read by symbols and colors. stream To determine the litology that may compose each litological unit can be used several indicators, such as: In the tentative geological map we can also draw a lineament that estimate the geological structures such as faults. It should be: Avoid the geological structure like a fault. 3) Big Picture (Overall Geology) a) What are my ideas about the “big This stage is important because data is retrieved and the process that must be done when the mapping depends on the results of the pre-mapping analysis. >> Points on a map that distance more than 2 cm from another point. In this paper we are more focus on the method of smart mapping because this method is most often used by geologists. 3. Why should there be a day off? Searching patterns will focus in on key areas of interest e.g. Are they well organized? Below is the explanation about each components of the poster: To make geological map and geomorphological map correctly and based on the data that we got from field observation, there are some rules that we need to apply in making the map. That is another reason why geologic maps are so interesting: each one is a customized solution to a particular set of needs, and one of those needs, in every case, is that the map be pleasing to the eye. Both are measured in terms of the 360 degrees (symbolized by °) of a circle. Or four days field, one day off? Each stage has an important role so that the geologic skills is needed to produce awasome geological maps. Respect all of local residents, examples if we meet with the residents, give him/her a warm greetings and trying to speak about another topics. The steps to do the measurements are : Determine the outcrops or ways to measure. And if the direction is the opposite of the dip of slope from topography, then the boundary will be drawn by cutting of the contour line but a bit inclined to upward.
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