[74], According to Nicolas de Nicolay, slaves were displayed naked at the city's slave market, and young girls could be purchased. Corrections? The sultan thus completed his conquest of the Byzantine capital. Constantinople The' 'DBQ QUIZ 2 FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE FLASHCARDS OCTOBER 30TH, 2020 - THE INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY HAD SOME INFLUENCE ON THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE THIS WAS THE . 1 - Internal Strife. However, Constantines capacity to defend his city was hampered by his small fighting force. By the mid-15th century, constant struggles for dominance with its Balkan neighbours and Roman Catholic rivals had diminished Byzantine imperial holdings to Constantinople and the land immediately west of it. Emperor Constantine XI is reported to have been killed while either fighting near the breach or fleeing to an escape boat. However, he returned to power two years later after defeating the Christians and remained sultan until his death in 1451. Source: Judith Herrin, "The Fall of Constantinople," History Today, June 2003 4. [1] Score As western Europe fell to the Germanic invasions, imperial power shifted to the Byzantine Empire, that is, the eastern part of the Roman Empire, with its capital at Constantinople. Justinian built cities; he restored the Byzantine Empire to one faith, and he organized a uniform legal code. Pope Nicholas V called for an immediate counter-attack in the form of a crusade,[citation needed] however no European powers wished to participate, and the Pope resorted to sending a small fleet of 10 ships to defend the city. Military support came from Venice and Genoa. Constantinople, from letters sent to the Austrian Emperor, 1554 to 1562 "The sultan's hall was crowded . Furthermore, with Constantinople having suffered through several devastating sieges, the citys population had dropped from roughly 400,000 in the 12th century to between 40,000 and 50,000 by the 1450s. Byzantium is a term used by modern historians to refer to the later Roman Empire. The next major turning point was the Fall of Constantinople (or the Fall of the Byzantine Empire) in 1453, when the Ottoman Empire (Islamic) invaded. Constantine XI's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel, bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco-Roman tradition to Italy, "One among many renegades: the Serb janissary Konstantin Mihailovi and the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans", "Militarization of the Serbian State under Ottoman Pressure", "Fall of Constantinople | Facts, Summary, & Significance | Britannica", "stanbul'un fethinde 600 Trk askeri, Fatih'e kar savat", "Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 14531924", "The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire", "Bosphorus (i.e. The Bashi-bazouks were spread out behind the front lines. [40][pageneeded] Contemporary estimates of the strength of the Ottoman fleet span from 110 ships to 430 (Tedaldi:[44] 110; Barbaro:[43] 145; Ubertino Pusculo:[49] 160, Isidore of Kiev[46] and Leonardo di Chio:[50] 200250; (Sphrantzes):[45][pageneeded] 430). [20]:374 His 27 feet (8.2m) long cannon was named "Basilica" and was able to hurl a 600lb (270kg) stone ball over a mile (1.6km). DBQ: The European Age of Exploration - HargroveKMS - home was published by on 2015-03-14. . Lokasi. 0. [20]:373[33][34][35][36][37][38], Fearing a possible naval attack along the shores of the Golden Horn, Emperor Constantine XI ordered that a defensive chain be placed at the mouth of the harbour. The Byzantine Empire through Primary Sources DOCUMENT 4 Laws of Justinian (529-534CE) Besides the Hagia Sophia the other major accomplishment of the Roman's (of Byzantine Empire) during the reign of Justinian was the Corpus Juris Civilis (Justinian's Code).Which took centuries of built up Roman law and codified/standardized it for the empire. [66] Many of the riches of the city were already looted in 1204, leaving only limited loot to the Ottomans.[67]. The citys defenders continued to repair the walls at night and reinforced areas at the damaged Gate of St. Romanus and the Blachernae sector. [20]:378 Prayer and resting was then granted to the soldiers on 28 May before the final assault would be launched. Hungary was the primary European threat to the Ottomans on land, and Venice and Genoa controlled much of the Aegean and Black seas. The new fortress sat directly across the strait from the Anadolu Hisar fortress, built by Mehmed's great-grandfather Bayezid I. The Fall of Constantinople occurred on May 29, 1453, after a siege which began on April 6. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Finally, the sea walls at the southern shore of the Golden Horn were defended by Venetian and Genoese sailors under Gabriele Trevisano. [31]:92 The sea walls were guarded more sparsely, with Jacobo Contarini at Stoudion, a makeshift defence force of Greek monks to his left hand, and Prince Orhan at the Harbour of Eleutherios. 1458-1464), called for a crusade, convening a council in 1459 to drum up support. Since ancient times, cities and castles had depended upon ramparts and walls to repel invaders. Furthermore, these Western rulers did not have the wherewithal to contribute to the effort, especially in light of the weakened state of France and England from the Hundred Years' War, Spain's involvement in the Reconquista, the internecine fighting in the Holy Roman Empire, and Hungary and Poland's defeat at the Battle of Varna of 1444. These were the three Genoese ships sent by the Pope, joined by a large Imperial transport ship which had been sent on a foraging mission to Sicily previous to the siege and was on its way back to Constantinople. Orban then left Constantinople and approached Mehmed II, claiming that his weapon could blast "the walls of Babylon itself". Women were raped, virgins deflowered and youths forced to take part in shameful obscenities. Shortly after the Venetians left, a few Genoese ships and even the Emperor's ships followed them out of the Golden Horn. [31]:147 Another legend refers to the Marble Emperor (Constantine XI), holding that an angel rescued the emperor when the Ottomans entered the city, turning him into marble and placing him in a cave under the earth near the Golden Gate, where he waits to be brought to life again (a variant of the sleeping hero legend). "[101], The news spread rapidly across the Islamic world. [99][100] Those Greeks who stayed behind in Constantinople mostly lived in the Phanar and Galata districts of the city. SynopsisManaged to compile the first five videos in my Conquest and Fall of Constantinople series. Bagian dari Perang Bizantium-Utsmaniyah dan Perang Utsmaniyah di Eropa. Emperor who moved Rome's capital to the east. Michael Spilling, ed., Battles That Changed History: Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations ( London, Amber Books Ltd. 2010) p. 187. The fact that Constantinople, which was long known for being indomitable in the eyes of all, as the Sharif of Mecca said, had fallen and that the Prophet Muhammad's prophecy came true shocked the Islamic world and filled it with a great jubilation and rapture.[102]. Edit. Sources hostile towards the Genoese (such as the Venetian Nicol Barbaro), however, report that Longo was only lightly wounded or not wounded at all, but, overwhelmed by fear, simulated the wound to abandon the battlefield, determining the fall of the city. The fortress of Therapia on the Bosphorus and a smaller castle at the village of Studius near the Sea of Marmara were taken within a few days. These charges of cowardice and treason were so widespread that the. The city was located between Asia and Europe, making it a very diverse and strategic place. Eyewitness Jacopo Tedaldi estimates a presence of 30,000 to 35,000 armed civilians and only 6,000 to 7,000 trained soldiers. The Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara were taken by Admiral Baltoghlu's fleet. In the 15th century, Constantinoples walls were widely recognized as the most formidable in all of Europe. Which leader moved the Capital City of Byzantine to Constantinople. [17][18] The city's fall also stood as a turning point in military history. Stephanie's History Store. In 1461 the independent Byzantine state in Trebizond fell to Mehmed. After the doors were breached, the troops separated the congregation according to what price they might bring in the slave markets. Mehmed surrounded Constantinople from land and sea while employing cannon to maintain a constant barrage of the citys formidable walls. In its own time, the Empire ruled from Constantinople (or "New Rome" as some people call it, although this was a laudatory expression that was never an official title) and was simply considered as "the Roman Empire." The Nicaeans eventually reconquered Constantinople from the Latins in 1261, reestablishing the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty. Mehmed stripped Baltoghlu of his wealth and property and gave it to the janissaries and ordered him to be whipped 100 times.[26]. By March 1453 Urbans cannon had been transported from the Ottoman capital of Edirne to the outskirts of Constantinople. It is estimated that perhaps 60 million people lived within its borders. [69]:37. [96]:446 Thomas escaped to Rome when the Ottomans invaded Morea while Demetrius expected to rule a puppet state, but instead was imprisoned and remained there for the rest of his life. Philippides, Marios and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, Ashgate, Farnham and Burlington 2011. Ascertain to what factors contemporaneous observers attributed the rise and fall of the Muslim empires; determine which factors would have made the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals most successful and which ones would eventually weaken . Letter on the Death of the Emperor Frederick I (113.6KB PDF Document) The main legitimate Crusades were launched from Western Europe to recover and protect Jerusalem . If they returned home, they would be treated according to their rank and religion, as if nothing had changed. Issue 6. Nevertheless, just as deeply entrenched was the understanding that Byzantine control of Constantinople was a necessary bastion against Muslim control of land and sea in the eastern Mediterranean. Student Constantinople DBQ .docx. The city was mainly populated by Christians and now has become an Islamic city. By April 22 the ships had circumvented the chain in this way and, barring the chain itself, seized control of all the waters surrounding the city. Fall of Rome Continuation of the Roman Empire as the Eastern Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire becomes the Byzantine Empire Key to the Byzantine Empire's success = Constantinople What. July 2003. The Byzantines knew him by the Latin spelling of his name, "John Justinian", named after the famous 6th century Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great. Document 1 . Original text: ' ' . This will cover from the rise of Islam, to its sieges of t. The most straightforward theory for Western Rome's collapse pins the fall on a string of military losses sustained against outside forces. His mission to the court of Basil II concerned Bardas Skleros, a claimant to the Byzantine throne who had gone to Baghdad seeking Arab support. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. In 1444 he lost an important battle to a Christian alliance in the Balkans and abdicated the throne to his son, Mehmed II. He established Constantinople as the capital of the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire and preserved Roman heritage for more than a thousand years. Another legend holds that two priests saying divine liturgy over the crowd disappeared into the cathedral's walls as the first Turkish soldiers entered. The nuns left behind, even those who were obviously such, were disgraced with foul debaucheries.[68]. A turning point in Western history, the Fall of Constantinople is seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance. Constantinople had been an imperial capital since its consecration in 330 under Roman emperor Constantine the Great. In April, having quickly seized Byzantine coastal settlements along the Black Sea and Sea of Marmara, Ottoman regiments in Rumelia and Anatolia assembled outside the Byzantine capital. One cause of the collapse of the western Roman Empire was the empire's vast (fill in the blank) Size. I have read secondary sources by John Julius Norwich and Steven Runciman. [91][92], The fall of Constantinople shocked many Europeans, who viewed it as a catastrophic event for their civilization. The First Payment 2. [12] The vast majority of the citizens of Constantinople (30,000-50,000) were forced to become slaves. The Fall of Constantinople is depicted in Season 1 of the Netflix series Rise of Empires: Ottoman. Some Western individuals, however, came to help defend the city on their own account. With the capture of Constantinople, Mehmed II had acquired the future capital of his kingdom, albeit one in decline due to years of war. A propaganda initiative was stimulated by anti-unionist Orthodox partisans in Constantinople; the population, as well as the laity and leadership of the Byzantine Church, became bitterly divided. Islambol (, Full of Islam) or Islambul (find Islam) or Islam(b)ol (old Turkic: be Islam), both in Turkish, were folk-etymological adaptations of Istanbul created after the Ottoman conquest of 1453 to express the city's new role as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. The unique . This item is an extract from the detailed account of an Arab envoy to Constantinople in the late 10th century. Robert of Clari's account of the Fourth Crusade. It is possible that all these phenomena were local effects of the cataclysmic 1452/1453 mystery eruption which occurred around the time of the siege. Although some troops did arrive from the mercantile city-states in northern Italy, the Western contribution was not adequate to counterbalance Ottoman strength. However, as the growing Ottoman power from this date on coincided with the Protestant Reformation and subsequent Counter-Reformation, the recapture of Constantinople became an ever-distant dream. SS.912.W.2.3 Analyze the extent to which the Byzantine Empire was a continuation of the old . 61% average accuracy. Rumours of Constantine XI's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel led many to hope that the city would one day return to Christian hands. While standing before the head, the sultan in his speech said:[101]. Russian claims to Byzantine heritage clashed with those of the Ottoman Empire's own claim. According to David Nicolle, the ordinary people were treated better by their Ottoman conquerors than their ancestors had been by Crusaders back in 1204, stating that only about 4,000 Greeks died in the siege, while according to a Venetian Senate report, 50 Venetian noblemen and over 500 other Venetian civilians died during the siege. [note 3] Karaca Pasha, the beylerbeyi of Rumelia, sent men to prepare the roads from Adrianople to Constantinople so that bridges could cope with the massive cannons. These fortifications were overcome with the use of gunpowder, specifically in the form of large cannons and bombards, heralding a change in siege warfare.[19]. The land fortifications consisted of a 60ft (18m) wide moat fronting inner and outer crenellated walls studded with towers every 4555 metres.[39]. 60,000-80,000 in total (modern sources)[4][5]. Luckily for the occupants of the city, the Ottomans were not interested in killing potentially valuable slaves but rather in the loot they could get from raiding the city's houses, so they decided to attack the city instead. Robert seems to have returned to France in 1205, since although his work contains references up . . The dwindling Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinople's ancient land wall after besieging the city for 55 days. There were lamentations and weeping in every house, screaming in the crossroads, and sorrow in all churches; the groaning of grown men and the shrieking of women accompanied looting, enslavement, separation, and rape.[78]Mehmed entered the Hagia Sophia, marveling at the sight of the grand basilica. After the fall of Constantinople, the synod's membership became limited to bishops of the patriarchate. This includes a four-slide PowerPoint on Justinian I and a DBQ on Justinian's . The defending army's Genoese corps were well trained and equipped, while the rest of the army consisted of small numbers of well-trained soldiers, armed civilians, sailors and volunteer forces from foreign communities, and finally monks. Upon hearing of his navys defeat, Mehmed stripped Baltaolu of his rank and arranged for his replacement. Although the sultan attempted to prevent a total sack of the city, he permitted an initial period of looting that saw the destruction of many Orthodox churches. The conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire was a watershed of the Late Middle Ages, marking the effective end of the last remains of the Roman Empire, a state which began in roughly 27 BC and had lasted nearly 1500 years. They were built at foundries that employed Turkish cannon founders and technicians, most notably Saruca, in addition to at least one foreign cannon founder, Orban (also called Urban). Mehmed then tasked the Hungarian gunsmith Urban with both arming Rumelihisar and building cannon powerful enough to bring down the walls of Constantinople. The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. San Stefano peace treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed ordered the construction of a road of greased logs across Galata on the north side of the Golden Horn and dragged his ships over the hill, directly into the Golden Horn on 22 April, bypassing the chain barrier. We are going to learn more about why Constantinople was so successful and how it benefited the Eastern Roman Empire An adjoining sea wall ran along the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara, the latter section being 20 feet (6 metres) high and 5 miles (8 km) long. Conquerors DBQ: Mongols and Ottomans Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow in the space provided. The younger son, renamed Mesih Pasha, became Admiral of the Ottoman fleet and Sancak Beg (Governor) of the Province of Gallipoli. Save. Mehmed ordered a third attack on the gate, this time with one of his own palace regiments of 3,000 Janissaries. On 2 June, the Sultan found the city largely deserted and half in ruins; churches had been desecrated and stripped, houses were no longer habitable, and stores and shops were emptied. Many European courts assumed that the young Ottoman ruler would not seriously challenge Christian hegemony in the Balkans and the Aegean. He also began the construction of the Boazkesen (later called the Rumelihisar), a fortress at the narrowest point of the Bosporus, in order to restrict passage between the Black and Mediterranean seas. This section was considered the weakest spot in the walls and an attack was feared here most. Document 3 Justinian ruled with absolute power, as he . [note 10]. [London]: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1955. They are not such very ancient events nor of such a sort as to be forgotten through the lapse of time. Byzantine relations with the rest of Europe had soured over the last several centuries as well: the Schism of 1054 and the 13th-century Latin occupation of Constantinople entrenched a mutual hatred between the Orthodox Byzantines and Roman Catholic Europe. Our men shot at them with guns and crossbows, aiming at the Turk who was carrying away his dead countryman, and both of them would fall to the ground dead, and then there came other Turks and took them away, none fearing death, but being willing to let ten of themselves be killed rather than suffer the shame of leaving a single Turkish corpse by the walls. It can serve as a formative or final assessment in a unit on medieval Islamic civilization, an introduction to DBQs and DBQ writing, or a class activity to help teach the fall of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire, or the Ottoman Empire. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. He stopped to pray and then demanded that all further looting cease immediately. The Christian reconquest of Constantinople remained a goal in Western Europe for many years after its fall to the Ottoman Empire. Other potential claimants, such as the Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire have disintegrated into history. Print. 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