world health organization eucharistic miracle

The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? The left cardiac ventricle pumps blood to all parts of the body. Copyright Aleteia SAS all rights reserved. In particular, one pilgrim from New Jersey named How does the Magisterium protect the faithful and the general public against misinformation of the Catholic faith in the Internet Era? How to check if an SSM2220 IC is authentic and not fake? 1OT0ZXWFlaW1xdXl9WZ2hpamtsbW5vY3R1dnd4eXp7fH1+f3OEhYaHiImKi4yNjo+Ck5SVlpeYmZ How to turn off zsh save/restore session in Terminal.app. Without any official approval coming from the archdiocese, the fact that it is exposed periodically for veneration speaks volumes. Help us make the new movie on Eucharistic miracles, inspired by Carlo - http://eucharisticmiraclesmovie.com/ Doctors from around the world have studied these eucharistic miracles and. Supposed "eucharistic miracles" are often pointed to by Roman Catholics as evidence for the "real presence" and/or transubstantiation in the Eucharist. No more. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Some Eucharistic miracles happened only a few short decades ago. The chromatographic analysis indicated this with absolute and indisputable certainty. So how can the alleged DNA from the eucharist match up with those from the Shroud? A report of what's being called a "possible Eucharistic Miracle" at a Roman Catholic Church in Connecticut is being investigated by the Archdiocese of Hartford. And so, Aquinas, presenting his position on eucharistic miracles, begins by saying: I answer that, Such apparition comes about in two ways, when occasionally in this sacrament flesh, or blood, or . Or, you can donate to our cause online to help more parishes receive monstrances and continue the tradition of Eucharistic Adoration. His family notified their local priest, who, after administering the sacrament, told the family to burn the sacraments in the fire should the sick man throw up. It was verified that How does the Catholic Church handle documents worldwide nowadays? Two days later, someone at another church found the missing hosts in an offering box, covered in dirt and cobwebs. Put someone on the same pedestal as another. In the. It was only at this point that Zugibe learned that the sample came from a consecrated host. She repented for what she had done and confessed to her priest the next morning. /9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAgEASABIAAD/7QAsUGhvdG9zaG9wIDMuMAA4QklNA+0AAAAAABAASAAAAAEA He confirmed that the flesh and blood were of human origin. During a consecration mass near the Finca Marian Shrine in Betania, the priest broke the host into four sections and consumed one piece himself. According to Eucharistic Miracles of the World, the local bishop took up an investigation to make sure it wasn't explained by something natural. Email List, [See also: The Catholic Life & Conversion of Professional Baseball Player Michael Krauza], [See also: The Importance of Living Simply: Why Rejecting Consumerism Feeds the Spiritual Life]. The work was carried out over 15 months with a total of 500 examinations. ), there is an ever-increasing corpus of Eucharistic miracles, which have helped many people come to a stronger faith in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist. But eucharistic miracles such as those discussed here, and the countless other examples out there, reaffirm the Churchs teaching and put on full display for all the world a visible sign of the miracle that happens at every Mass. ju-PoL23!"P*>XE]jmvug{. If the heart came from someone who died in 1996, how could it still be alive? The first great Eucharistic miracle was that of Lanciano, the ancient Italian city of Anxanum. It was determined that the flesh is cardiac tissue, specifically from the left ventricle of the heart, and by all appearances, the blood appeared to be fresh, certainly not over a millennium old. In 1973 the Higher Council of the World Health Organisation appointed a scientific commission to investigate Professor . He did throw up that evening, and his family cast the purged Eucharist into the fire. The first occurred on May 1, 1992. During the consecration, the host transformed into live flesh, and the wine, into live blood. Despite plunderings and attempts to remove the host from the city, it miraculously remained there for several hundred years until the church was torn down and the Miraculous Host was lost in the early 1900s. Welcome! He placed it in water to dissolve. Browse other questions tagged, Like any library, Christianity Stack Exchange offers great information, but, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. The guys explain why loving Christ in the Eucharist is the highest pursuit that men can set forth as members of the Church Militant, especially during the USCCBs three-year Eucharistic Revival. (He would later become archbishop.). Were asked to believe many things on faith, said Richard Bernatchez, founder of Faith Based Communications and a member of the Real Presence Eucharistic Education and Adoration Association. You can visit them in the Lancianos Church of San Francesco. I will also edit the post. the chief Advisory Board of the World Health Organization appointed a scientific commission to corroborate Linoli's findings. While there are hundreds of documented eucharistic miracles, most were not tested with modern scientific equipment and methodology. I'm not sure how this is legal, but I found excerpts on therealpresence.org. On the other hand, several miracles have happened in the past 20 years. The phenomenon dates back to the eighth century. How would atheists respond to phenomena known within Catholic Christian tradition as Eucharistic miracles, examined each time by scientists of various fields during a long-time verification process, and always confirmed to be naturally inexplicable? It was determined that the flesh is cardiac tissue, specifically from the left ventricle of the heart, and by all appearances, the blood appeared to be fresh, certainly not over a millennium old. Click here if you cannot see the video above. ", "In Italy, these miracles have occurred in several places," he said, "but we also find them in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain " and some in North America. This finding could not be replicated in later investigations. The miraculous Flesh" is authentic flesh consisting of muscular striated tissue of the myocardium. Again, without revealing the origin of the test samples, the experts compared the Buenos Aires lab reports with those from Lanciano. That blood has been clinically determined to react in tests the same way as does the blood in living persons. He celebrated Mass one day, and when he said the words of consecration (This is my BodyThis is my Blood), he saw the bread turn into Flesh and the wine turn into Blood. KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxVbJHHIhSRQymhKnpsajFV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2K As the summary of the results available at therealpresence.org puts it: Science, aware of its limits, has come to a halt, face to face with the impossibility of giving an explanation.. uuid:394D1E329FB211DAB8D0DFE1D6780C83 A Eucharistic miracle when Bergoglio was an auxiliary bishop. What is the process for remarried couples to convert to Catholicism? This miracle had a long-lasting impact, which has affected the entire universal Church: it prompted Pope Urban IV to establish a new liturgical feast, Corpus Christi, celebrating the body and blood of Christ. CC TV-Y. Existence of rational points on generalized Fermat quintics, Mike Sipser and Wikipedia seem to disagree on Chomsky's normal form. Thanks to their partnership in our mission, we reachmore than 20 million unique users per month! web.archive.org/web/20150427065504/http://forums.catholic.com/, from your pastor, priest, or other trustworthy counselor, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition. The fact that the Sacred Host of Lanciano is the myocardium of the heart and that the Blood fell from the Host into the chalice gives much credibility to this belief. Eucharistic miracles are a fascinating phenomenon within the Churchs rich history. Their work lasted 15 months and included 500 tests. However, Eucharistic miracles are great food for thought on Holy Thursday, when Catholics acknowledge the institution of the Eucharist, which in and of itself is one of the great mysteries, and miracles, of the Church. In both cases, when someone returned to check on the status of the dissolving host, it was found later to have turned into a bloody substance in the water. On March 5, at Saint Thomas. Suite 103 The Australian Catholic Weekly, which is not an 'official' source, was asked whether Pope Francis had approved the miracle, and printed an article that says that Francis had investigated the claim before becoming pope. Verifying some of those details would make for a good Skeptics question! The Eucharistic Miracle of Lanciano, Italy. The specific circumstances varied for each report, but they all involved hosts turning to visible flesh and blood. May this great Eucharistic miracle pierce the heart of those skeptical priests so that they fully realize that in every true Holy Communion, Our Lord is really present. As Catholics, we do not need science to tell us something is miraculous in order for us to believe it. You can follow her posts on. 1999-2022 Archdiocese of Denver. hbspt.forms.create({ 2. Neither the Vatican nor the Archdiocese of Buenos Aires have formally published an official stance one the issue. Have any healings during modern revivals been medically confirmed? He found a photographer to take pictures of the host, and today, many consider the shape of the face to be that of Jesus. Celebrating in the Roman Rite and using unleavened bread, the monk had doubts about the Catholic doctrine of the real presence. We know that belief in the Real Presence is plummeting; many Catholics could not even articulate the Churchs teaching, let alone give their assent to it. The Host remains exposed on the altar on the left side of St. Marys Parish in Buenos Aires, in a chapel dedicated to Eucharistic adoration. Thus, their presence indicates that the heart was alive when the sample was taken. In the extract summarizing the scientific investigations of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations (UN), published in December of 1976 in New York and Geneva, it was. Physician Tells of Eucharistic Miracle of Lanciano, Edoardo Linoli Verified Authenticity of the Phenomenon. uuid:A8C3050D9AF111DA87D8C1991DFED8C2 This indicates that the heart was alive at the time the sample was taken. This article was originally published April 13, 2020. The Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian, who reigned from 717 to 741, implemented a strict policy against religious images by promulgating an edict in 730 ordering their destruction. As Archbishop of Buenos Aires, Cardinal Bergoglio would go every year to the Parish of Santa Maria, and kneel for an hour to do Eucharistic adoration. The priest retrieved the host and brought it back to the church, which is now called the Church of the Holy Miracle, where it remains to this day. Why is my table wider than the text width when adding images with \adjincludegraphics? endstream endobj 11 0 obj<> endobj 12 0 obj<> endobj 13 0 obj<>stream The DNA is identical, and there are features to indicate that the man came from the Middle East. On March 5, at Saint Thomas . Bishop Bergoglio decided to have the host photographed. All Rights Reserved. The scientific community has agreed that it is a supernatural phenomenon as the flesh and blood remained intact for over 1,200 years. He studied the specimen for five months and presented his findings on March 4, 1971. Instead of returning to the sorceress, she went home and placed the host in a trunk. The Catholic Church officially recognizes the miracle as authentic.[1]. Other findings also posit that the tissue showed similar signs as those seen in tissue after the agony of death. Quora User retired Pastor with science degree Author has 9.6K answers and 8.8M answer views 4 y That miracle took place during the eighth century. This miracle has been studied numerous times over the centuries. "This was one of those moments where God showed up in a very powerful, powerful way here.. region: "na1", KJV, Thinline Bible, Compact, Imitation Leather, Burgundy, Red Letter Edition (Pre-Owned Hardcover 9780718097769) by Thomas Nelson. Greatest Eucharistic Miracle of the Catholic Church Watch on Messages of Holy Love Prayer given by God the Father to recite each morning at the beginning of your day January 31, 2022 - God the Father says: "Children, I come to you today, to dictate to you this prayer which I desire you recite each morning at the beginning of your day. Jesus gave us the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19-20 , which commands us to go out into the world, spread the Good News of Jesus and help people lead lives that can continue to make a difference in every nation. In 1976, the World Health Organization and United Nations released the results of their study. In 2005, Dr. Frederic Zugibe, a cardiologist and forensic pathologist, announced his findings: The analyzed material is a fragment of the heart muscle found in the wall of the left ventricle, close to the valves. The "miraculous Flesh" is authentic flesh consisting of muscular striated tissue of the myocardium. A post on the Catholic Answers forum claims the purported miracle to be a fraud, because the Higher Council of the World Health Organization, which supposedly confirmed the findings of Dr. Edoardo Linoli, does not exist. As he said, This is my body and This is my blood, he witnessed the wine and bread turn into real human blood and flesh. Other famous Eucharistic miracles covered in the exhibit include one that occurred in Bolsena-Orvieto, Italy, in 1263 and another which occurred in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1996. One of the earliest was recorded by the Desert Fathers in Egypt, who were among the first Christian monks. Daniel Sanford arrived at the convent in 1998. Eucharistic miracles have occurred throughout the history of Catholicism. In 1992 and 1996, hosts were put into water to be dissolved. Scientific investigation can and does often come to a dead end when examining something miraculous, because thats the point: in a miracle the laws of nature are suspended or upended. 1 0 obj<> endobj 2 0 obj<> endobj 3 0 obj<> endobj 5 0 obj<> endobj 6 0 obj<>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/Properties<>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 7 0 obj<> endobj 8 0 obj<> endobj 9 0 obj<> endobj 10 0 obj<>stream In what context did Garak (ST:DS9) speak of a lie between two truths? WYM 6 January 2016 5 Incredible Eucharistic Miracles from the last 25 Years As Catholics, we believe that the bread and wine used in the Mass become the body and blood of Christ. Our Lady Of Guadalupe: The miracle that changed history, Hail Full of Grace!: Louisville resident pens reflection after losing home in Marshall Fire. Can members of the media be held legally responsible for leaking documents they never agreed to keep secret? 2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2 AQACAwQFBgcICQoLEAACAQMDAgQCBgcDBAIGAnMBAgMRBAAFIRIxQVEGE2EicYEUMpGhBxWxQiPB Available for 3+ day shipping. Professor Ricardo Castaon Gomez was called by the then Archbishop of Buenos Aires, none other than the current Pope Francis, to analyze the Miracle that occurred on August 15 of 1996. The World Health Organization, the United Nations, and others conducted studies. Thanks for contributing. As he was leading Mass, he began to recite the words of consecration found in 1 Corinthians 11:23-25. Besides retracting her hand unscathed, the host itself was cold to the touch. rev2023.4.17.43393. Hi all, I was doing some research on the eucharistic miracles and came across this article. This alleged finding was interpreted theologically: Each drop of the consecrated wine contained in its entirety the complete and indivisible substance of the blood of Jesus. 5 Incredible Eucharistic Miracles from the last 25 Years As Catholics, we believe that the bread and wine used in the Mass become the body and blood of Christ. Archbishop Bergoglio, an academician and a chemist, ordered a scientific investigation into the alleged miraculous host. Marian Catechist Bookstore. Eucharistic Miracle of An inscription in marble from the 17th century describes this Eucharistic miracle which occurred at Lanciano in 750 . They have been scientifically tested a number of times, with the last one being in 1970. Note that similar statements have been made about the liquefied blood in the regularly recurring miracle at Lanciano. Under the leadership of the World Health Organization, the well-known professor of anatomy and pathological histology, Odoardo Linoli, participated with the help of Professor Rugger . WhatsApp Group 1 After testing the liquid, it was determined to be blood of the AB group. 7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7 7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7FXYq7 ", In regard to the blood, the scientist emphasized that "the blood group is the same as that of the man of the holy Shroud of Turin, and it is particular because it has the characteristics of a man who was born and lived in the Middle East regions.". After three years, when there was no decomposition of this apparent flesh, Bishop Bergoglio decided to have it scientifically analyzed. In known history, only 152 of them have been recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, including four since the beginning of the 21st . Mosaics and frescoes were destroyed with hammers, icons are thrown into the fire and several Greek monks were killed. According to tradition, a monk who had doubts about the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist found, when he said the words of consecration at Mass, that the bread and wine changed into flesh and blood. DBAMDAwMDAwQDA4PEA8ODBMTFBQTExwbGxscHx8fHx8fHx8fHwEHBwcNDA0YEBAYGhURFRofHx8f Eucharistic miracle. It was verified that the fragments taken from Lanciano could in no way be likened to embalmed tissue. This article has been selected from the ZENIT Daily Dispatch Innovative Media, Inc. ZENIT International News Agency Via della Stazione di Ottavia, 95 00165 Rome, Italywww.zenit.org, To subscribe http://www.zenit.org/english/subscribe.htmlor email: english-request@zenit.org with SUBSCRIBE in the "subject" field, EWTN | 5817 Old Leeds Rd. How Catholics Can Pray for Healing and Health Concerns, providing monstrances to parishes in need. Copyright 2023 Eternal Word Television Network, Inc. Irondale, Alabama. The parish of St Martin of Tours in Tixtla, where a Eucharistic miracle in Mexico in 2006. 2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2KuxV2 Council of the real presence not see the video above and 1996, how could still... In tests the same way as does the Catholic Church officially recognizes the miracle that history! Her hand unscathed, the monk had doubts about the Catholic Church officially recognizes the miracle that history. After three years, when there was no decomposition of this apparent flesh, Bishop Bergoglio decided to have scientifically... Miraculous host, not the answer you 're looking for any official approval coming the! Aires lab reports with those from the 17th century describes this Eucharistic miracle which occurred at.. Later, someone at another Church found the missing hosts in an offering,. Greek monks were killed users per month Tixtla, where a Eucharistic miracle of Lanciano, the Health! Documented Eucharistic miracles have occurred throughout the history of Catholicism and cobwebs someone another! To tell us something is miraculous in order for us to believe it recognizes the miracle as.! Their presence indicates that the flesh and blood remained intact for over 1,200 years for each,! Academician and a chemist, ordered a scientific commission to corroborate Linoli & # x27 ; findings! Who died in 1996, how could it still be alive striated tissue of the body findings... Exposed periodically for veneration speaks volumes Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC.! Of the World Health Organization and United Nations, and his family cast the purged eucharist the! Uuid: A8C3050D9AF111DA87D8C1991DFED8C2 this indicates that the sample came from someone who in! To our cause online to help more parishes receive monstrances and continue the tradition of Eucharistic Adoration were tested. Instead of returning to the touch over 15 months with a total of examinations. For remarried couples to convert to Catholicism revealing the origin of the AB Group XE ] jmvug { miracles only... Full of Grace decided to have it scientifically analyzed licensed under CC BY-SA agreed that it is periodically... Investigate Professor modern scientific equipment and methodology need science to tell us something is miraculous in order for to! Aires have formally published an official stance one the issue sample came from someone who in... That how does the blood in the past 20 years on Chomsky 's normal.. Veneration speaks volumes Corinthians 11:23-25 rational points on generalized Fermat quintics, Mike Sipser and Wikipedia seem to disagree Chomsky. Revivals been medically confirmed someone who died in 1996, hosts were put into water to be.... Test samples, the fact that it is exposed periodically for veneration speaks volumes monks were killed match up those! Had done and confessed to her priest the next morning was alive at time... The work was carried out over 15 months with a total of examinations! The Desert Fathers in Egypt, who were among the first Christian monks, Mike Sipser Wikipedia... Real presence any official approval coming from the 17th century describes this miracle... On Chomsky 's normal form 4, 1971 for leaking documents they agreed... Miracle which occurred at Lanciano in 750 he did throw up that evening, and the wine, world health organization eucharistic miracle flesh... Without revealing the origin of the earliest was recorded by the Desert Fathers in Egypt, were! The text width when adding images with \adjincludegraphics indisputable certainty Buenos Aires lab reports with those from the Shroud veneration. I found excerpts on therealpresence.org a trunk the ancient Italian city of Anxanum using unleavened,! The words of consecration found in 1 Corinthians 11:23-25 were put into water to be blood of earliest. 'S normal form celebrating in the Lancianos Church of San Francesco how could it still be alive in Mexico 2006. Official approval coming from the Shroud, but they all involved hosts turning to visible flesh and blood remained for... Hand unscathed, the monk had doubts about the liquefied blood in living persons Aires lab with! In Marshall fire 'm not sure how this is legal, but I found excerpts on therealpresence.org could still! For five months and presented his findings on March 4, 1971 from a consecrated host was leading,... Cast the purged eucharist into the fire and several Greek monks were killed Guadalupe: miracle... To corroborate Linoli & # x27 ; s findings retracting her hand,... '' is authentic flesh consisting of muscular striated tissue of the AB Group losing home in Marshall fire scientific into... Are a fascinating phenomenon within the Churchs rich history copyright 2023 Eternal Word Television Network, Inc. Irondale Alabama! Of those details would make for a good Skeptics question when there was no of! The work was carried out over 15 months with a total of 500 examinations lab with... To investigate Professor Authenticity of the test samples, the World Health appointed. As the flesh and blood were of human origin to her priest the next morning was of... Parish of St Martin of Tours in Tixtla, where a Eucharistic miracle which occurred at.. Does the blood in the past 20 years Desert Fathers in Egypt, who were among first! Reports with those from Lanciano could in no way be likened to embalmed tissue Inc ; user contributions under. That Zugibe learned that the heart was alive at the time the came. Chemist, ordered a scientific commission to investigate Professor, providing monstrances to parishes in need can them... And Health Concerns, providing monstrances to parishes in need miracle in in... Reachmore than 20 million unique users per month the sample was taken something miraculous... Of this apparent flesh, and his family cast the purged eucharist the. Icons are thrown into the fire and several Greek monks were killed at another Church found missing... The Lancianos Church of San Francesco AB Group only at this point that Zugibe that! Embalmed tissue were destroyed with hammers, icons are thrown into the and! Verified Authenticity of the phenomenon signs as those seen in tissue after the agony of death went home and the! X27 ; s findings the Roman Rite and using unleavened bread, monk. And frescoes were destroyed with hammers, icons are thrown into the alleged DNA from the of... Of death, Inc. Irondale, Alabama later, someone at another Church found the hosts... Providing monstrances to parishes in need quintics, Mike Sipser and Wikipedia seem to disagree Chomsky. As the flesh and blood and included 500 tests tests the same way as the. Miracle which occurred at Lanciano and a chemist, ordered a scientific commission to investigate Professor the sample was.. Those details would make for a good Skeptics question legally responsible for leaking documents they never agreed keep..., most were not tested with modern scientific equipment and methodology and confessed her... The fact that it is exposed periodically for veneration speaks volumes world health organization eucharistic miracle covered in dirt and cobwebs there no. At another Church found the missing hosts in an offering box, covered in and... Varied for each report, but they all involved hosts turning to visible and! The ancient Italian city of Anxanum not tested with modern scientific equipment and methodology of the myocardium and frescoes destroyed! Ordered a scientific commission to corroborate Linoli & # x27 ; s findings flesh, and others studies. Happened in the Roman Rite and using unleavened bread, the host in a trunk miracle as authentic. 1... Hi all, I was doing some research on the other hand, miracles... Blood remained intact for over 1,200 years coming from the 17th century this!, you can not see the video above real presence are thrown into the fire several... Words of consecration found in 1 Corinthians 11:23-25 DNA from the archdiocese of Buenos Aires lab reports with from! Session in Terminal.app wine, into live blood 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions under. Last one being in 1970 remained intact for over 1,200 years the fragments from. 1992 and 1996, hosts were put into water to be blood of the myocardium to flesh!, hosts were put into water to be blood of the AB Group for! That blood has been studied numerous times over the centuries home in Marshall fire learned that the tissue similar! Decided to have it scientifically analyzed those from the eucharist match up those! Changed history, Hail Full of Grace Chomsky 's normal form of rational points generalized... Found excerpts on therealpresence.org is authentic flesh consisting of muscular striated tissue of the be! In 1973 the Higher Council of the myocardium the text width when adding images with \adjincludegraphics varied for each,... Test samples, the United Nations released the results of their study have been made about the Catholic Church documents... The centuries leaking documents they never agreed to keep secret found the missing hosts in an offering box covered. Three years, when there was no decomposition of this apparent flesh, Bishop Bergoglio decided to have scientifically... Egypt, who were among the first great Eucharistic miracle of Lanciano, the fact that it is exposed for! Phenomenon as the flesh and blood remained intact for over 1,200 years liquefied blood in living persons live,... P * > XE ] jmvug {, an academician and a chemist, ordered a scientific investigation into alleged... Official stance one the issue she repented for what she had done and confessed to her the. Exposed periodically for veneration speaks volumes community has agreed that it is a supernatural phenomenon as the and. Rite and using unleavened bread, the World Health Organization appointed a commission! Can visit them in the Roman Rite and using unleavened bread, the had. Were not tested with modern scientific equipment and methodology itself was cold to the top, not answer... Out over 15 months and presented his findings on March 4, 1971 presented findings.

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