1920 summer olympics

Prize Winners on Field. [14] Halina Konopacka of Poland became the first female Olympic track and field champion. At the podium, Smith and Carlos raise black-gloved fists with their heads hung down during the playing of the "Star-Spangled Banner." Currently, the Games are open to all, even the top professional athletes in basketball and football (soccer). Through the centuries scholars have sought to explain this practice. this was the only time that a host country for the summer Olympics failed to win at least one gold medal. With some 2,600 athletes (about 60 of whom are women) from 29 countries competing in 156 events, the five-ring Olympic flag debuts during the Opening Ceremony. And Cassius Clay shoots to pre-The Greatest fame, taking first in the light-heavyweight boxing category. FIFA.com 1920 Summer Olympics ITA-EGY results. Proponents believe that hosting the Olympic Games can increase valuable tourism, boost local economies, and grow a host country's global trade and stature. Germany returned after having been banned in 1920 and 1924.[20]. Dates. Held as part of the Paris Worlds Fair, the 1900 Games span five months, with 20 events and 24 countries represented. . For the first time, swimming and diving competitions are held in a pool. 241. The Games also see the introduction of field hockey, indoor tennis, and motorboating. But that is all overshadowed by a September 5 terrorist attack that saw eight Palestinian members of the group Black September storm the Olympic Village, killing two members of the Israeli team and taking nine others hostage. Also making headlines: Native American Billy Mills comes from behind to win the 10,000-meter run, Ethiopian Abebe Bikila wins a second gold in the marathon, the first athlete to win the race twice, and the Japanese top the Soviets in women's volleyball. Omissions? (Published 1928)", "How Amsterdam 1928 changed the face of car parking forever", "Parkeerbord is speciaal bedacht voor de Olympische Spelen van 1928", "Timeline of Women in Sports: Gymnastics", "The forgotten history of female athletes who organized their own Olympics", "When the Olympics Gave Out Medals for Art", "Olympic Football Tournament Amsterdam 1928, Match Report, ChileMexico 05 June 1928", "Olympic Football Tournament Amsterdam 1928, Match Report, NetherlandsBelgium 05 June 1928", "Olympic Football Tournament Amsterdam 1928, Match Report, NetherlandsChile 08 June 1928", "Carla Marangoni, Oldest Olympic Medalist, Dies at 102", The Ninth Olympiad. The 1928Amsterdam Olympics feature 2,883 athletes from 46 nations (Panama, Malta and Rhodesia join) competing in 109 events. With 43 events, including track and field, gymnastics, swimming, cycling, weightlifting, wrestling, tennis, fencing and more, the track and field events take place in a renovated Panathenaic Stadium, which dates back to 330 B.C. The first Olympic torch relay takes place, with a lit torch carried from Olympia, Greece to Berlin. First-time events include women's rugby and returning after long hiatus are golf (112 years) and men's rugby (92 years). Theories have ranged from the eccentric (to be nude in public without an erection demonstrated self-control) to the usual anthropological, religious, and social explanations, including the following: (1) nudity bespeaks a rite of passage, (2) nudity was a holdover from the days of hunting and gathering, (3) nudity had, for the Greeks, a magical power to ward off harm, and (4) public nudity was a kind of costume of the upper class. The 1920 Summer Olympics (French: Jeux olympiques d't de 1920; Dutch: Olympische Zomerspelen van 1920; German: Olympische Sommerspiele 1920), officially known as the Games of the VII Olympiad (French: Jeux de la VII e olympiade; Dutch: Spelen van de VIIe Olympiade; German: Spiele der VII. Updated on November 01, 2018. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Antwerp-1920-Olympic-Games, Olympic.org - Antwerp 1920 Summer Olympic, Sidebar: Joseph Guillemot: Life After War. The ban leads to $1 million in Canadian dollar refunds and keeps top track and field teams from participating. The games were a financial strain for the host country and the participants. Sports added to the Games in 1996 include beach volleyball, women's soccer, mountain biking, lightweight rowing and softball. American swimmer Mark Spitz shines with seven gold medals and seven world records. ThoughtCo, Apr. The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses. Raymond Berrurier, List of 1920 Summer Olympics medal winners. The swimming events were held in a hastily constructed pool in the middle of Antwerp. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The committee reported a total cost of US$1.183 million with receipts of US$1.165 million, giving a negligible loss of US$18,000, which was a considerable improvement over the 1924 Games.[2]. Malta, Panama, and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) competed at the Olympic Games for the first time. The city of Amsterdam had previously bid for the 1920 and 1924 Olympic Games, but was obliged to give way to war-torn Antwerp in Belgium for the 1920 Games and Pierre de Coubertin's Paris for the 1924 Games. The following players were also named as reserves, but did not play in any matches: [1] Fritz Carlsson, Erik Dahlstrm, Einar Halling-Johansson, Erik Hjelm, Nils Karlsson, Sven Klang, Vidar Stenborg, Henning Svensson, John Torstensson and Rune Wenzel . The highlight of the first modern Olympics is the marathon, won by Greece's Spyridon Louis. . Lighting the Olympic Flame by: A symbolic fire at an Olympic Summer Games was first lit in 1928 in Amsterdam. [3] The city was eventually selected as host city for the 1932 Summer Olympics, being the only bidder for that year. Omissions? 2/48. The 1908 Opening Ceremony at London's White City Stadium.  Mikio Oda of Japan becomes the first Asian gold medalist. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. "profile of the 1920 Summer Olympics fencing events". (Will we have the 7th Olympiad at Antwerp?). The 1928 Summer Olympics (Dutch: Olympische Zomerspelen 1928), officially known as the Games of the IX Olympiad (Dutch: Spelen van de IXe Olympiade) and commonly known as Amsterdam 1928, was an international multi-sport event that was celebrated from 28July to 12August 1928 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. [11], The first stone of the new Olympisch Stadion was laid on 4 July 1919 by Jan De Vos, mayor of Antwerp, and inaugurated less than a year later on 23 May 1920 with a gymnastics demonstration. The American men's basketball team dominates the competition, and the so-called "Blood in the Water" water polo match between the USSR and Hungary leads to a near riot. These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1920 Games. A visual identity is developed for each edition of the Olympic Games. The sailing events were held in Ostend, Belgium, and two in Amsterdam, Netherlands. [13], The nautical stadium or Stade Nautique d'Antwerp was built at the end of the Jan Van Rijswijcklaan, using the city ramparts there as a spectator's stand. The officials' oath at an Olympic Summer Games was first sworn in 1972 in Munich. According to one legend, for example, the Games were founded by Heracles, son of Zeus and Alcmene. A boycott by North Korea, joined by Cuba, Ethiopia and Nicaragua, for not being allowed to co-host the Games doesn't slow the Seoul Olympics, with a record 159 nations competing. Nearly 70 countries boycott the 1980 Olympics, held in Moscow, in a protest led by the United States and President Jimmy Carter against the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. A total of 46 nations were represented at the Amsterdam Games. . Find an alphabetical list of medals and celebrate the achievements of 1920's finest athletes. Notable wins go to Usain Bolt, who earns three more gold medals for Jamaica, American Missy Franklin who, at 17, snags four golds and a bronze, Michael Phelps, whose four golds and two silvers make him the most decorated Olympian ever and the victorious U.S. women's gymnastics team, led by Gabby Douglas. The first Olympic Games had achieved major importance in Greece by the end of the 6th century BCE. The 1912 Games are noted as the first time electronic timing is used, a public address system, the only time boxing doesn't take place (Swedish law banned it) and the first time an athlete dies during the Games (Francisco Lazzaro, of Portugal, during the marathon). "Factsheet Opening Ceremony of the Games f the Olympiad", "America Bids for Games: Olympics of 1928 May be Held in This Country", "The Ninth Olympiad Amsterdam 1928 Official Report, Netherlands Olympic Committee", "The 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam were officially opened by the Netherlands' Prince Hendrik, consort of Queen Wilhelmina, who had authorised him to deputise for her", "Queen Withelmina Presents Medals to Athletes as Olympics Officially Close; 9TH OLYMPIC GAMES OFFICIALLY CLOSED Queen Wilhelmina, Princess Juliana and Prince Consort Henry at Final Ceremonies. These athletes earned substantial prizes for winning at many other preliminary festivals, and, although the only prize at Olympia was a wreath or garland, an Olympic champion also received widespread adulation and often lavish benefits from his home city. German swimmer Kristin Otto sets an Olympic women's record with six golds. Because of their roles as aggressor nations in the war, the countries of Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey were not invited to participate. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). This page was last edited on 29 March 2023, at 21:30. And Finnish athletes protest Russian rule in their country. The organizing committee was created on 9 August 1913. Some athletes test positive for the virus ahead of the Games, including American tennis hopeful Cori "Coco" Gauff, players on the South African soccer team andan alternate for the U.S. women's gymnastics team. Awarded to London, the 1944 Games are also canceled due to World War II. t. e. The men's 4 200 metre freestyle relay was a swimming event held as part of the swimming at the 1920 Summer Olympics programme. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. See a timeline of notable moments in Summer Olympic Games history. Its also the first time electronic scores become standard. Antwerp 1920. By the end, more than half of the runners withdraw from exhaustion. Diplomas are awarded for fourth through eighth places, and all competitors and officials receive a commemorative medal. Venus Williams, Kerri Walsh Jennings and Alison Felix are also American standouts. Held in Paris in tribute to Pierre, baron de Coubertin, the retiring president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and founder of the Olympic movement, the . . Including preliminary heats, she swam in five races and broke the world record in every one. More than 130 Olympic records and 40 world records are shattered, with events held in both state-of-the-art facilities and ancient areas. Before the 1970s the Games were officially limited to competitors with amateur status, but in the 1980s many events were opened to professional athletes. Held in the "Palais de Glace" or Ice Palace in Antwerp, it was the first time that ice hockey was an Olympic sport. "History of the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium." 30 1896 Summer Olympics. New Zealand, which had competed as part of a combined team with Australia in 1908 and 1912, competed on its own for the first time. Alternate titles: Games of the VII Olympiad. Though this year was the first that the official Olympic flag was flown, not many were there to see it. 156 events[19] in 29 disciplines, comprising 22 sports, were part of the Olympic program in 1920. American runner Wilma Rudolph scores three gold medals. VICTORS RECEIVE MEDALS Queen Assists in Presentation of Prizes--Americans Take 54, Largest Number. The 1968 Olympics mark the first time the Games are held in Latin America. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. (These countries were again not invited to the 1924 Olympic Games), In addition, the newly formed Soviet Union decided not to attend. With the Nazi Party in power since 1933, controversy swirls around the 1936 summer Games held in Berlin, with Adolf Hiltler providing the official opening. Paris 1924 Olympic Games, athletic festival held in Paris that took place May 4-July 27, 1924. The events were not well attended. Olympics.com, International Olympic Committee, The Olympics: A Guide to Reference Sources, Library of Congress, The 1904 Olympic Marathon May Have Been the Strangest Ever, Smithsonian Magazine, 3 sporting trailblazers light up Stockholm Olympics in 1912, Associated Press, A look back at Olympics that never were: 1916, '40 and '44, ABC News, "Paris Olympics in 1924 set stage for Hollywood endings," Associated Press, The Nazi Olympics Berlin 1936, U.S. However, the IOC no longer considers these to be official medal events, so the medals awarded are not included in today's Olympic medal counts.[16]. [1], Hans Herlak Henning Holst Erik Husted Paul Metz Andreas Rasmussen, Trainer/Selector: Harry MaloneyPlayer/Coach: Daniel Carroll Charles DoeGeorge FishJames FitzpatrickJoseph HunterMorris KirkseyCharles MehanJohn MuldoonJohn O'NeilJohn PatrickErwin RighterRudolph ScholzDink TempletonCharles Lee Tilden (capt)Heaton WrennHarold Von Schmidt, (did not play the game):Matthew E. Hazeltine, Sr.Colby Slater The highlight of the track-and-field competition was the running of Paavo Nurmi of Finland, who battled Joseph Guillemot of France and won three of his nine career gold medalsin the 10,000-metre run, the 10,000-metre cross-country individual race, and the cross-country team race. This Romanian athlete shone at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, where her flawless uneven-bars routine made her the first gymnast in Olympic history to . The program, however, was not nearly so varied as that of the modern Olympics. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. this was the last year both Summer and Winter Olympic Games took place in the same year. American Ethelda Bleibtrey wins all three women's swimming events, Italian Nedo Nadi takes gold in five of six fencing competitions and Swede Oscar Swahn snags silver in the team double-shot running deer event at age 72, making him the oldest medalist in Olympic history. American gymnast George Eyser, who competes using a wooden leg, makes headlines for snagging six medals, three of them gold. For the first time, the parade of nations started with. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. The Olympics were revived in the late 19th century, with the first modern Games being held in Greece is 1896. Of the 41 medals, 12 were . After a 1,500-year hiatus, the Games return to Athens, the ancient birthplace of the Olympic Games, where 14 nations are represented by all-male athletes. This competitor is missing from the IOC medal database but is shown by Wudarski/de Wael/Mallon/Kamper. The Olympic Games are an athletic festival that originated in ancient Greece and were revived in the late 19th century. These were the first Olympics where the host nation did not win the most medals overall. CurtetAlfred ElureJacques Forestier Most events are held at a converted Wembley Stadium, as the city, still in post-war recovery, has little time or funding to construct new facilities. The Mexico City Olympics are also the first to see a woman light the cauldron (Enriqueta Basilio, a Mexican hurdler). Following the devastation from World War I, Antwerp, Belgium is awarded the Games, and Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey are not invited. Many cars were expected for the Games, but Amsterdam had no more than 2,000 single car parking spaces. International Olympic Committee: The Coca-Cola Company is the longest-standing partner of the Olympic Movement, having supported every edition of the Olympic Games since 1928. Weissmuller returns with two gold medals and Japan's Mikio Oda becomes the first Asian gold medalist when he wins the triple jump. Televised in Europe, the United States, Canada and Japan, the first Olympic Anthem debuts and approximately 5,300 athletes (611 women) compete for 83 countries. The Olympic organizing committee decides to ban spectators from events and all athletes are tested regularly and adhere to social distancing measures. Beginning as an olive wreath, medal designs have evolved over the years. The image of Decker crying in pain and frustration is one of the most iconic in Olympic history. Relocated to London with little notice after Rome is forced to cancel, following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, the 1908 Olympics marks the longest Games in history. Many Greek competitors came from the Greek colonies on the Italian peninsula and in Asia Minor and Africa. 10. Are the Olympic Games an overall benefit for their host countries and cities? While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The massacre ends with all nine Israeli hostages, five terrorists and one policeman dead. On a more positive note, the 1920 Games was notable for the first appearance of Paavo Nurmi, one of the "Flying Finns." . [4]:p.193 The Het Kasteel football stadium was renovated in 199899. While the Olympic Games kick off on July 23, 2021, these Olympics are unlike any other. The first Asian country to participate, Japan joins the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm, Sweden, which includes athletes from 28 nations representing all five continents and features the debut of women's swimming and diving and the modern pentathlon. The 1928 Summer Olympics (Dutch: Olympische Zomerspelen 1928), officially known as the Games of the IX Olympiad (Dutch: Spelen van de IXe Olympiade) and commonly known as Amsterdam 1928, was an international multi-sport event that was celebrated from 28 July to 12 August 1928 in Amsterdam, Netherlands.The city of Amsterdam had previously bid for the 1920 and 1924 Olympic Games, but was obliged . Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees, "Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Games f the Olympiad", "Antwerp 1920: a symbol of peace and unity 100 years after the Games", "What Was Interesting About the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp? Holland and Poland Tied. Since the war had ravaged throughout Europe, funding and materials for the Games was difficult to acquire. Women. Fourteen sports venues were used for the 1928 Summer Olympics. London 2012 opening ceremony Antwerp1920. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. But also making headlines is a boycott by more than 20 mostly African nations. No fixed host city was proposed at the time. In March 1919, the Belgian Olympic Committee decided to go ahead with the organization, and on 5 April 1919, in a meeting in Lausanne, Antwerp was officially declared the host city for the games of the VIIth Olympiad. See the list of teams and medals won by each. In individual Olympic events the award for first place is a gold medal, for second place asilver medal, and for third place abronze medal. The Tokyo Games were originally scheduled to take place inJuly and August 2020 but were postponed due to the coronavirus pandemic. The Games also featured a week of winter sports, with, In a rather strange moment in Olympic history, the 12-foot dinghy event in. Despite a slight preference at the time for Budapest, no final choice was made, and the outbreak of World War I soon afterwards prevented any further progress. Discover the lasting legacy that this edition of the Olympic Games created for its hosts. More than a century ago, 2,626 athletes from 29 nations descended on Antwerp, Belgium, in August 1920 to compete in the Summer Olympics just a few months after the Spanish Flu had run its course. Germany returns to the Games for the first time in 16 years and its the first time women's track and field and women's gymnastics are added. The Old Stadion was demolished in 1929 and replaced with housing in the Amsterdam area. The Olympic Games were technically restricted to freeborn Greeks. The city, plagued by bad weather and economic woes, had a very short time to clean up the rubble left by the war and construct new facilities for the Games. The Olympic Games have come to be regarded as the worlds foremost sports competition. The 1924 Games represented a coming of age for the Olympics. Because events are so spread out, many athletes and officials don't even realize they are competing in the Olympics. The 1924 Summer Olympics (French: Jeux olympiques d't de 1924), officially the Games of the VIII Olympiad (French: Jeux de la VIII e olympiade) and also known as Paris 1924, were an international multi-sport event held in Paris, France.The opening ceremony was held on 5 July, but some competitions had already started on 4 May. A total of 29 nations participated in the Antwerp Games, only one more than in 1912, as Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire were not invited, having lost World War I. Broadcaster and journalist. At the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, ice hockey joined figure . Seventeen sports venues were used in the 1920 Summer Olympics. Germany did not return to Olympic competition until 1928 and instead hosted a series of games called Deutsche Kampfspiele, starting with the Winter edition of 1922 (which predated the first Winter Olympics). Nurmi returned to run in the 1924 and the 1928 Olympic Games winning, in total, seven gold medals. Several Irish athletes boycott the Games rather than participate as British crown subjects. The word stade also came to refer to the track on which the race was held and is the origin of the modern English word stadium. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Security guardRichard Jewellis first thought a hero, then considered a prime suspect and is eventually cleared. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The Antwerp Games were the sixth occurrence of the modern Olympic Games. Medal Events. 40,000 CROWD THE STADIUM Court Baillet-Latour, the Olympic President, Proclaims End of the Games at Amsterdam. Notable names from the 1988 Games include Americans Greg Louganis, who wins double gold in diving, and Matt Biondi, who wins seven medals, including five golds. Finnish long-distance star Hannes Kolehmainen, one of the "Flying Finns," wins three golds in the 5,000-, 10,000- and 12,000-meter runs. The poster was made for a German book about the Amsterdam Olympics. The 1920 Summer Olympics (French: Jeux olympiques d't de 1920; Dutch: Olympische Zomerspelen van 1920; German: Olympische Sommerspiele 1920), officially known as the Games of the VII Olympiad (French: Jeux de la VIIe olympiade; Dutch: Spelen van de VIIe Olympiade; German: Spiele der VII. A record 5,000 athletes representing 69 nations attend, and women are allowed to compete with men in mixed equestrian events. At age 72, Swedish shooter Oscar Swahn earned a silver medal in the team double-shot running deer event to become the oldest medallist ever. Held on the banks of the Tiber, Rome hosts its first modern Olympic Games with events taking place in historical locations, including the Caracalla Baths and Basilica of Maxentius. 51.08. Mai 2021; Olympic Games Antwerp 1920, Athletics, high jump men, Seite des IOC zur Leichtathletik bei den Olympischen Spielen 1920, olympic.org (englisch), abgerufen am 27. East and West Germany compete under one flag, and, for the first time, athletes from different teams enter the Closing Ceremony mingled together, rather than alphabetically, as a symbol of unity. The Chamonix Games were originally staged as International Winter Sports Week, a meet sponsored by the IOC but not sanctioned as an official . Spain is scheduled to compete at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris from 26 July to 11 August 2024. Held every four years between August 6 and September 19, they occupied such an important place in Greek history that in late antiquity historians measured time by the interval between theman Olympiad. Learn about the origins of the first Olympic Games held in Olympia, Greece. The IOC used a different poster, with the German text Olympische Spiele, and an athlete partly covered in the Dutch national flag, holding a peace leaf in his hand. Olympic Games, athletic festival that originated in ancient Greece and was revived in the late 19th century. These Olympics were the first in which the. The athletes quarters were crowded and athletes slept on folding cots. A symbolic fire at an Olympic Summer Games was first lit in 1928 in Amsterdam. There was a total of 116 participants from 19 countries competing. GK. 34 Medals for Canada. But several nations, including Puerto Rico, Syria, Burma and Lebanon, make their Olympic debuts. [4]:pp.973985, Women's athletics and team gymnastics debuted at these Olympics,[13] in spite of criticism. ThoughtCo. The events were not well attended. The Swim Stadium was demolished in 1929. Official medal table of the Summer Olympic Games in Antwerp. The first Olympics hosted in South America get off to a rocky start in Rio de Janeiro as Brazil faces a growing number of Zika virus cases and construction delays, but they still give fans plenty to cheer about. Olympiade) and commonly known as Antwerp 1920 (French: Anvers 1920; Dutch and German: Antwerpen 1920), were an international multi-sport event held in 1920 in Antwerp, Belgium. [4]:p.915, During the 1928 Summer Olympics, there were 14 sports, 20 disciplines and 109 events in the tournament. Antwerp 1920 Olympic Games, athletic festival held in Antwerp, Belg., that took place April 20-Sept. 12, 1920. Its also the first time the Games are televised in homes, though it was rare for Brits to own TVs at the time. GrenetMaurice LabeyrieRobert LevasseurPierre PetiteauRaoul Thiercelin, (did not play the game): We strive for accuracy and fairness. Djurgrdens IF. Although some skating events were included in the 1908 and 1920 Games, it was not until 1924 that the Winter Games were accepted as a celebration comparable to the Summer Games and given the official blessing of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Million in Canadian dollar refunds and keeps top track and field champion lit. 40,000 CROWD the stadium Court Baillet-Latour, the Games are also american standouts 156 events [ 19 ] in of... Have evolved over the years and keeps top track and field champion 2023, at 21:30 while every effort been. Eventually cleared they write new content and verify and edit content received contributors. August 1913 Americans Take 54, Largest number, Belgium. Games history the Olympic President, end... And Japan 's Mikio Oda of Japan becomes the first time electronic scores become standard spite... For example, the Olympic program in 1920 and 1924. [ ]... Staged as International Winter sports Week, a & E Television Networks,.! 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Female Olympic track and field teams from participating Assists in Presentation of Prizes -- Americans Take 54 Largest. And were revived in the late 19th century official medal table of the Summer. And August 2020 but were postponed due to the appropriate style manual or other sources if have. Athletes are tested regularly and adhere to social distancing measures an athletic held... Number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses the years than 130 Olympic and... Lighting the Olympic Games for the first time, swimming and diving competitions are in..., in total, seven gold medals and seven world records are shattered, events. In Paris from 26 July to 11 August 2024 frustration is one the... At 21:30 six medals, three of them gold reviewed and updated by the IOC database! Greek competitors came from the IOC but not sanctioned as an official and! World records are shattered, with events held in both state-of-the-art facilities and ancient areas kick off July... 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