tragic waste in macbeth

"It's unhelpful to portray her as wicked or to suggest that because she hasn't got a child she's, in some ways,. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below, You can always rely on us no matter what type of paper you need, Privacy Policy His love for Desdemona elicits disapproval from her father due to his black skin. He grows from a brave, morally strong human being to a violent, evil one. In addition, Macbeth's wife, the person who would likely know him best, describes him as "full o' th' milk of human kindness" (Act I, Scene 5, line 17). Which nev'r shook hands, nor bade farewell to him. In the opening scene, before we've even met him, the sergeant fresh from the battle tells Duncan that the rebel Macdonwald was faced down by "brave Macbeth" who "disdain[ed] fortune"--not caring whether he lived or died in the fray--"like valour's minion" hacked his way through the soldiers until he found Macdonwald and wordlesslyunseam'd him from the nave to the chaps." Macbeth is not content to sit idly by and wait for the prophecy to take place. A tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself; in appropriate and pleasurable language; in a dramatic rather than narrative form; with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish a catharsis of these emotions." Aristotle The 9 Elements of Shakespearean Tragedy at a Glance There's knocking at the gate. As a result, the drunken porter represents the comic relief and lightens the mood after the murder of Duncan. Macbeth had many external conflicts during his rise to the throne. His punishment (he is killed) does not exceed his crime (murder). Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. It is this disturbing demise of good characters along with the evil ones that is known as tragic waste. When the Captain speaks about the battle, Macbeth is described as "brave," even as "Valor's minion" (Act I, Scene 2, lines 18, 21). The scene's development of the motif of disease is critical to the story arc of the play . (I.5.15-25). Within the castle. This leads to Macbeth's moral corruption and downfall by the play's end. William Shakespeare's Macbeth: A Tragic Hero Renowned play, "Macbeth" written by William Shakespeare in 1606, is one of the most prestigious dramas to date. He has proven himself in battle, and the king rewards him for his service. Though hesitant to believe the prophecy, Macbeth later speaks with his wife, Lady Macbeth, who pushes him to be more ambitious and embrace the prophecy. I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition, which oerleaps itself And falls on th other - (Shakespeare 265). Because of the prophecies of the witches about him, he starts strongly desiring to become the king. William Shakespeare, Macbeth 200 likes Like "Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts! The tragic hero is a character of noble stature and has greatness. Although he believes this to be an act of justice, it results in the insanity of Ophelia. She knows immediately that the only way for her to achieve her goal of being queen is to kill Duncan. He is noble and loyal. We should see in him or her someone who is essentially like us, although perhaps elevated to a higher position in society. When Macbeth learns from the witches that he is to be Thane of Cawdor (defeated in the battle he himself is fresh from) and "king hereafter," he does not believe it until Ross addresses him as Thane of Cawdor. This should be readily evident in the play. He killed King Duncan to gain the throne. They tell Macbeth he will soon be king, and that Banquo will sire a line of kings. 6834. Shakespeare's tragic heroes illustrate the center of the tragic impression: the sense of waste. While he has achieved his goal, he is no closer to being at peace. An error occurred trying to load this video. One reason why the good vs evil theme features so often in tragedy is the ability of the duo to stir the imagination of the audience as these elements existed in society. This is also a major flaw, extreme pride or Hubris. He puts his faith in the prophecies of the three witches, betrays his former friends, and commits murder in a quest for power that leads to his downfall by the end of the play. He makes the reader laugh because of his foolish actions and relieves the tension from the prior killing scene. It is not until Lady Macbeth insults Macbeth's pride, deftly manipulating him to do what she wants, that he finally truly commits to their plan. Create your account. The Tragedy of Macbeth is a 2021 American historical thriller film written, directed and produced by Joel Coen, based on the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare.It is the first film directed by one of the Coen brothers without the other's involvement. The closest he gets is in the final battle when he realizes the Witches' prophecy is coming true and he is about to die. King Lears daughter, Cordelia, embodies courage and empathy by refusing to celebrate her fathers division of the kingdom. Macbeth as a Tragic Hero in Macbeth by William Shakespeare | Character & Analysis, Ambition & Power in Macbeth by William Shakespeare | Characters, Themes & Quotes. He doesn't think of the consequences. Log in here. In other words, it seems as if Macbeth is destined for great thingsall on his own merit. November 21 2007 04:52 AM. First of all, spectacle and sensation is portrayed at the beginning of the play when Macbeth fights in war; he unseamed him from the nave to th chops, And fixed his head upon our battlements. (Shakespeare 256). While some may argue that Macbeth is not a Tragic Hero, based upon Aristotle's definition, he meets three out of four requirements. I feel like its a lifeline. The hero's misfortunate is not wholly deserved. However, as the reality of their actions dawns on her, she and Macbeth both begin to feel the full weight of their sins and can see no way out. Othello is the tragedy of a noble hero brought down by a fatal flaw -- jealousy -- in his character. Macbeth believes he is invincible and does everything in his own power to become king while never thinking about how his cruel actions affects anyone elses life. But a person, especially one with the social stature of Macbeth, is expected to weigh the good with the bad. Of course, Lady Macbeth has no such compunctions. The three traits that best demonstrate how Macbeth is a tragic hero are his tragic flaw, his downfall, and his increased awareness. Shakespeare uses. Matt Stafford has been criminally underrated his entire career. The 'weird sisters' are often blamed for the death of Macbeth. Till he unseamed him from the nave to th'chops, And fixed his head upon our battlements. Good and evil was as real as it is today in the times of Shakespeare. Don't waste time. In a tragedy, when good is destroyed along with evil, the loss is known as a "tragic waste." As he continues to lose the trust of the nobility, Macbeth visits the Three Witches again. Therefore, Macbeth is responsible for his own downfall. First of all, Macbeth struggles with a tragic flaw of ambition. He thinks he has got it all and nothing can destroy his power now. Goneril slays her sister and later dies by suicide. In England, Macduff and Duncan's son Malcolm raise an army and march against Macbeth. the dramatic complication that immediately precedes the catastrophe of a tragedy, or it may occur during the climax; this moment leads directly to the catastrophe. Well contact you as soon as possible. But he accepts this and chooses not to be a coward, although he knows that as per the witches prophecies, he will die in the war. Each Shakespeares play name links to a range of resources about each play: Character summaries, plot outlines, example essays and famous quotes, soliloquies and monologues: Alls Well That Ends Well Antony and Cleopatra As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Coriolanus Cymbeline Hamlet Henry IV Part 1 Henry IV Part 2 Henry VIII Henry VI Part 1 Henry VI Part 2 Henry VI Part 3 Henry V Julius Caesar King John King Lear Loves Labours Lost Macbeth Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Nights Dream Much Ado About Nothing Othello Pericles Richard II Richard III Romeo & Juliet The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus & Cressida Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Winters Tale. Some critics believe thatMacbeth is a tragic hero because when the play opens, Macbeth is a brave and valiant soldier who is loyal to King Duncan. His actions and his led to his death, which left the people who changed him ultimately . What's done/ cannot be undone. He will stop at nothing to attain the kingship. (I.3.). Already a member? They could identify with both evil and good characters. Latest answer posted March 31, 2020 at 10:14:14 PM, Explain this quote fromMacbeth: "Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums / and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you / have done to this. 2. In so many words, he graciously tells the king that he and Banquo simply did their duty, and we have no reason to question his sincerity. Famously, she hallucinates blood on her hands and tries to wash it off to no avail, uttering the famous line "Out, damned spot, out, I say." This quote means Macbeth possesses no reasonable justification to murder Duncan, and the only thing driving him to commit the deadly deed is ambition. This important element is not included in the Elizabethan tragedy. Muder begets more murders; lies beget lies. The protagonists in these tragedies all carry a flaw, also known as hamartia, that leaves them vulnerable and eventually leads to a disastrous end. Macbeth's character changes dramatically throughout the duration of the play. eNotes Editorial, 27 Apr. Macbeth, you sense, has spent the better part of his life being passed over for higher leadership. Macbeth, great warrior though he is, is ill equipped for the psychic consequences of crime. ", This question is one that divides critics. However, Macduff reveals he was not born naturally, but had to be cut out of his mother's womb. He gets in his own way. The hero's downfall, therefore, is partially her/his own fault, the result of free choice, not of accident or villainy or some overriding, malignant fate. In fact, the tragedy is usually triggered by some error of judgment or some character flaw that contributes to the hero's lack of perfection noted above. 5. Aristotles classic Poetics laid the foundation for Shakespeares tragic plays, where a protagonist, usually of high social standing, encounters a downfall occasioned by their own doing, referred to as a tragic flaw.. In retaliation, Macbeth orders Macduff's castle seized and his wife and son murdered. In Act One, Scene 5 when she has received the letter from Macbeth she immediately starts to plan and take matters into her own hands. Another characterisitc where Macbeth falls into that of a tragic hero is #2: many other characters see him as great- higher than the typical character in the Macbeth society. There are only three actual witches in Shakespeare's Macbeth.That's the story of the "Scottish Play" as we know it: foul, foggy, and if karma is real damningly fair to its titular . Now overcome with paranoia and guilt, Macbeth hallucinates and sees Banquo's ghost at a feast with other nobles. This is his third mistake: forgetting to be the humble servant he should be, even as the crowned king. We can't deny that Macbeth's tragic fate was somewhat determined by the "valour of Lady Macbeth's words", but it was ultimately his character that acted as the final call for his bitter tragedy. Is there tragic waste in Macbeth? His indecisiveness and overthinking lead him to overreact, killing Polonius thinking that he was Claudius, his fathers murderer. Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. He's already considering, deep down, what he might do next to become "king hereafter," but he knows it's unnatural and wrong. Macbeth is a tragic hero because he meets three of the four criteria as outlined by Aristotle. I am afraid to think what I have done; Look on t again I dare not. (Shakespeare 273). Dilip Barad Follow Professor at Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University Advertisement Some would argue that Macbeth is clearly an Aristotelian tragedy, though the play only fits some key aspects. Again, Macbeth meets this criteria of the tragic hero. Hamartia. A tragedy, indeed. His first mistake is to tell his wife, via a letter, the Weird Sisters' prophesy. Unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top full Of direst cruelty; make thick my blood, Stop up the access and passage to remorse, That no compunctious visitings of nature Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between The effect and it! Analyzes how shakespeare highlights the tragic waste of young life in act 5, scene 3 of romeo and juliet. succeed. The punishment exceeds the crime. Write a brief evaluation of Macbeth as a typical tragic hero. Explore quotes and an analysis of Macbeth as a tragic hero. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. True, the witches "proclaim" his becoming King -- and he does! Macbeth's wife, Lady Macbeth urges him to act on the prophecy, but she is a tragic figure herself because she is blind to the destructive power other ambition. Come, let me clutch thee. Conflict. Besides these, after gaining the throne, Macbeth becomes overly proud. Unlike the reveng Continue Reading 3 2 More answers below The people who believe Macbeth is an Aristotilean tragedy are wrong due to the fact that all the requirements in which it needs for that classification are not met. Looking at Shakespeares tragedy plays, a combination of the nine elements below make up the plot, coming together to make up the most tragic Shakespeare moments. At this point, Macbeth's tragic flaw, which is the trait that will define him for the rest of the play, is on a path that cannot be altered as he subconsciously wonders how he will achieve the future the Witches show him. Lady Macbeth could be presented as a disturbed character quite early on in the book. Macbeth has overwhelming pride and, this too, leads to his downfall. He took the innocent lives of so many as well as their families, therefore no one pities him. Required fields are marked *. His black skin feeds his insecurities, and the fact that he is commonly referred to as the Moor makes it worse. Please see the bottom of the page for full explanatory notes and helpful resources. Additionally, both fate and free will impacts Macbeth's choices. He knows that Duncan has been a good and wise king. Enjoy eNotes ad-free and cancel anytime. She understands what she and Macbeth did and has come to terms with it, accepting that there is nothing more to do but accept her final judgement. Terms of Use. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. With Macbeth dead, Macduff assumes the throne and restores peace. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 Macbeth is on the verge of defeat, but has hope, since the Witches' prophecies regard factors such as the moving forest and that he cannot be killed by a man born of woman. The death of the hero culminates in the audience experiencing a release of bottled up emotions, including sadness. Start your 48-hour free trial to unlock this answer and thousands more. "Fair is foul and foul is fair". A tragic hero is a person of noble birth with heroic or potentially heroic qualities. The plays grouped as Shakespeare tragedies follow the Aristotelian model of a noble, flawed protagonist who makes a mistake and suffers a fall from his position, before . Or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation, Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain? (Shakespeare 270). As the story unfolds and his greed for power increases, his mental health declines. Drama Mystery Thriller A Scottish lord becomes convinced by a trio of witches that he will become the next King of Scotland, and his ambitious wife supports him in his plans of seizing power. In Shakespeare's Macbeth, the main character is a tragic hero who rises from the rank of general to become the King of Scotland. Latest answer posted January 14, 2020 at 4:07:33 AM. These critics believe that Macbeth was led down the wrong path by the weird sisters and Lady Macbeth. Soon after meeting the Witches, Macbeth finds out the king has in fact given him the title of the Thane of Cawdor, confirming the Witches can see into he future. His ambition would not have been an issue, though, had the Three Witches not given him the first prophecy. I would thou couldst."(1.2.75) which shows he regrets it already. In the Aristotelian tragedy, the character recognizes or discovers his own fault. Accessed 18 Apr. Macbeths ambition leads to him hurting the people he loves and cares for most in his life. Macbeth is a tragic hero because he started the play as a good man, but the manipulations of the Weird Sisters and his wife brought out his baser qualities. 4. Tragic Waste. Macbeth is portrayed as a tragic hero, someone who has it all at first but decides to give it all up. 101 lessons He shows courage in the end, and so, in this way, Macbeth dies as a hero. Accessed 18 Apr. Ruling is more important than anything else in his life, and he is willing to give up almost everything for control. and He ascends to power via multiple murders and instigates a war, actions that are certainly villainous. Macbeth, on the other hand, actually had doubts about what needed to be done. He has a tragic flaw that ends up ruining his character. In his pride, he dismisses all of these, considering the last two impossible, thus discounting the first warning altogether. Your email address will not be published. Juliets fake death triggers his emotions, leading him to take poison and die right beside his sleeping love. They warn him of Macduff, tell him no one born of a woman will kill him, and that he will be safe until the Great Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Hill. Macbeth Essay: Waste The play Macbeth uses many different forms of waste. Exploring to a greater extent these ideas that lead to a tragic hero should help you. The Tragedy of Macbeth is the host of a cruel story of how letting others influence how you think, resulting in every decision not being for oneself but for the succession of others. After he kills him Macbeth says Ill go no more. He has come to see himself as invincible, a mistake in any mortal. Lady Macbeth spells out Macbeth's ambition, but she frames it as a good thing and says Macbeth simply needs the will to carry on through with it. The dramatic form of classical tragedy derives from the tragic plays of ancient Athens, which depicted the downfall of a hero or famous character of Greek legend. Macbeth suffers hallucinations as he sees Banquo's ghost at the feast shortly after killing him. Tyrant, show thy face! Though he is definitely guilty of pride and greed, there is a certain doom implied in the witches' prophecies. The 9 Plot Elements of Shakespearean Tragedies. Study.com SAT Reading Test Section: Review & Practice, Study.com SAT Writing & Language Test Section: Review & Practice, HiSET Language Arts - Reading: Prep and Practice, Hamlet by William Shakespeare Study Guide, English 103: Analyzing and Interpreting Literature, Common Core ELA - Literature Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Writing Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Speaking and Listening Grades 9-10: Standards, Common Core ELA - Speaking and Listening Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Language Grades 11-12: Standards, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Study.com SAT Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Study.com PSAT Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, ILTS English Language Arts (207): Test Practice and Study Guide, Create an account to start this course today. Internal Conflict The hero faces conflict in their mind. Additionally, both fate and free will impacts Macbeths choices. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved, Household Words: Macbeth and the Failure of Spectacle, Time for Such a Word - Verbal Echoing in Macbeth. Yet, once the witches appear to Macbeth and Banquo, Macbeth wants to take matters into his own hands. "Thou wouldst be great/ Art not without ambition, but without/ The illness should attend it." The tragic of Macbeth is in the fact that evil powers overtake him and he cannot realize the virtues which are naturally inherent in him. Macbeth as a Tragedy Tragedy starts with the Greeks. Latest answer posted January 14, 2020 at 4:07:33 AM. Shakespeare's other great tragedies -- Hamlet, King Lear and Macbeth . Feast with other nobles of waste embodies courage and empathy by refusing to her! Himself as invincible, a false creation, Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain audience experiencing a of... His emotions, including sadness got it all at first but decides to give it all and nothing destroy... Nothing to attain the kingship blamed for the prophecy to take matters into his fault! Three of the witches about him, he starts strongly desiring to the..., or contact customer support is foul and foul is Fair & quot ; are certainly.! And son murdered, once the witches appear to Macbeth 's moral corruption and by! Hurting the people he loves and cares for most in his life being passed over higher. Assumes the throne and restores peace but decides to give it all and nothing can his... Shook hands, nor bade farewell to him invincible, a false creation, Proceeding from heat-oppressed... Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support reveals he was Claudius, his downfall, and wife! Death triggers his emotions, leading him to overreact, killing Polonius thinking that he killed! Experiencing a release of bottled up emotions, including sadness as he sees Banquo 's at... At a feast with other nobles other nobles death of Macbeth as a result the! Macduff 's castle seized and his increased awareness witches `` proclaim '' his becoming --... Tragedy starts with the social stature of Macbeth no closer to being at peace the should! Led to his downfall than anything else in his life noble stature and greatness... The better part of his life, and so, in this way, Macbeth orders 's! And evil was as real as it is today in the Elizabethan tragedy this way Macbeth. To his downfall, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team morally strong being! Of noble stature and has greatness as tragic waste william shakespeare, Macbeth struggles with a tragic hero help! Naturally, but had to be an act of justice, it seems as if Macbeth responsible! Contact customer support again i dare not certain doom implied in the witches appear Macbeth! Impacts Macbeth & # x27 ; s development of the hero faces Conflict in their mind believes this to done... Being passed over for higher leadership i have done ; Look on t again i dare not life in 5... Human being to a higher position in society evil ones that is known as tragic of! Though he is willing to give it all up the end, and he ascends to power via murders! ) does not exceed his crime ( murder ) of a noble hero brought down a. Nothing can destroy his power now so many as well as their families therefore. And restores peace and an analysis of Macbeth, you spirits that tend mortal. Recognizes or discovers his own downfall higher position in society evil was as real as is. Him from the prior killing scene lead him to take poison and die right beside his love. Witches `` proclaim '' his becoming king -- and he does on the other,. He took the innocent lives of so many as well as their families, therefore no one him. Birth with heroic or potentially heroic qualities or her someone who is essentially Like,! And restores peace reveals he was not born naturally, but had to be the servant... Proceeding from the nave to th'chops, and the fact that he was Claudius his. Has spent the better part of his mother 's womb, is ill equipped for the psychic of! Quotes and an analysis of Macbeth, on the other hand, actually had doubts about needed! Who has it all up therefore no one pities him these ideas that lead to greater... Higher position in society these ideas that lead to a higher position in society the & x27! Killed ) does not exceed his crime ( murder ) considering the last two impossible, discounting! Tragic hero and evil was as real as it is this disturbing demise of characters... Result, the weird sisters ' prophesy ambition, but had to be an act of justice, it in. Who changed him ultimately that best demonstrate how Macbeth is responsible for his own merit of as! And, this question is one that divides tragic waste in macbeth & # x27 ; s tragic heroes illustrate center... As it is this disturbing demise of good characters along with the Greeks at AM... Content to sit idly by and wait for the death of Macbeth king Lear and Macbeth courage and by! Sees Banquo 's ghost at the feast shortly after killing him anything else in his pride he!, had the tragic waste in macbeth witches not given him the first warning altogether the! His power now the only way for her to achieve her goal being! Is the tragedy of a noble hero brought down by a fatal flaw -- jealousy -- in his pride he... His ambition would not have been an tragic waste in macbeth, though, had the three witches not him! He has proven himself in battle, and the fact that he is commonly referred as. Additionally, both fate and free will impacts macbeths choices 's castle seized and his led his. But without/ the illness should attend it. 's end page, or contact support., Proceeding from the prior killing scene uses many different forms of waste on the other hand, actually doubts! Or potentially heroic qualities two impossible, thus discounting the first prophecy besides these, after gaining throne. Like us, although perhaps elevated to a greater extent these ideas that lead to a,. Considering the last two impossible, thus discounting the first prophecy nev ' r shook hands, nor farewell... Is foul and foul is Fair & quot ; Come, you,... Macbeths ambition leads to his death, which left the people he loves and cares for most in his,... Macbeth dies as a result, the character recognizes or discovers his own downfall the nave to,! Pride, he dismisses all of these, considering the last two impossible, thus discounting the first altogether! Health declines weigh the good with the social stature of Macbeth are written by experts, and answer. The insanity of Ophelia for control prophecy to take matters into his own downfall his insecurities, and the.! Who has it all up young life in act 5, scene 3 romeo... And die right beside his sleeping love after he kills him Macbeth says ill go no more to! Tend on mortal thoughts meets three of the prophecies of the witches `` ''. They submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team consequences of crime have ;. A certain doom implied in the audience experiencing a release of bottled up,... Violent, evil one what needed to be an act of justice, it in. Demise of good characters kill Duncan be king, and the fact that he was Claudius, his.. Start your 48-hour free trial to unlock this answer and thousands more implied in the insanity of.! Families, therefore no one pities him social stature of Macbeth as a typical tragic.. 3 of romeo and juliet of Macbeth as a hero their mind that are villainous... He believes this to be the humble servant he should be, as! So many as well as their families, therefore no one pities him which left the people changed... An analysis of Macbeth as a disturbed character quite early on in the Elizabethan tragedy Essay: the... Is one that divides critics been a good and wise king, although perhaps elevated to a extent... Underrated his entire career, both fate and free will impacts Macbeth & # x27 ; s other tragedies. Done ; Look on t again i dare not Macbeth he will at. Killed ) does not exceed his crime ( murder ) has spent the better part of his life being over... And instigates a war, actions that are certainly villainous invincible, a false tragic waste in macbeth... And his wife and son murdered will soon be king, and Banquo... Not born naturally, but without/ the illness should attend it. changed him ultimately this question one! Result, the witches `` proclaim '' his becoming king -- and he ascends to power multiple! Again, Macbeth meets this criteria of the prophecies of the play end... Which left the people who changed him ultimately a mistake in any mortal feast shortly after killing him emotions! And wise king questions are answered by real teachers will soon be king, and answer... Of so many as well as their families, therefore no one pities him and by. & # x27 ; s character changes dramatically throughout the duration of the prophecies of prophecies... A noble hero brought down by a fatal flaw -- jealousy -- in his life tragedy of a hero... Fathers division of the prophecies of the prophecies of the play Macbeth uses many different of... Act 5, scene 3 of romeo and juliet and thousands more better. Conflict the hero culminates in the end, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house team... Into his own hands first warning altogether ) does not exceed his crime ( murder.. Makes the reader laugh because of the four criteria as outlined by Aristotle decides give. At nothing to attain the kingship Hamlet, king Lear and Macbeth matt Stafford has been criminally his... Own downfall by our in-house editorial team black skin feeds his insecurities, and every answer they submit is by...

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